PNNL

Nathan Canfield has more than two decades of experience in ceramic processing development, with a focus on development of planar structures for use in solid-oxide fuel cells, membrane research, and large-scale energy storage. His background also includes mechanical properties and mechanical testing of ceramics and glass. 

He stewards a JEOL 5900LV Scanning Electron Microscope and is one of four qualified users of a JEOL JSM 7001F LV Scanning Electron Microscope on the PNNL campus. Canfield conducts structural and chemical analysis of materials, both for his own research, and that of other PNNL researchers and groups. He has co-authored numerous publications and is listed as a co-inventor on a number of patents.

• Solid oxide fuel cells
• Zeolite membrane supports
• Large-scale energy storage

• MS in Ceramic Engineering, Alfred University
• BS in Ceramic Engineering, Alfred University

• American Ceramic Society Member
• North American Membrane Society Member

• Sprenkle VL, NL Canfield, K Meinhardt, and JW Stevenson. May 2019. “Systems and Methods for Data Storage and Retrieval”. US Patent 10,295,677.
• Liu W and N Canfield. November 2016. “Membrane Device and Process for Mass Exchange, Separation, and Filtration”. US Patent No. 9,492,795.
• Liu W, XS Li, and N Canfield. July 2015. “Thin, Porous Metal Sheets and Methods for Making the Same." US Patent No. 9,079,136.
• Xu W, N Canfield, JG Zhang, W Liu, J Xiao, D Wang, and ZG Yang. May 2015. “Methods for making anodes for lithium ion batteries.” US Patent No. 9,039,788.
• Liu W, N Canfield, J Zhang, XS Li, and J Zhang. March 2014. “Immobilized Fluid Membranes for Gas Separation.” US Patent No. 8,673,067.
• Kim JY, VL Sprenkle, N Canfield, KD Meinhardt, and LA Chick. May 2012. “Optimized Cell Configurations for Stable LSCF-based Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.” US Patent No. 8,182,965.
• Sprenkle VL, NL Canfield, K Meinhardt, and JW Stevenson. April 2008. “Supporting Electrodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Other Electrochemical Devices.” US Patent No. 7,351,491.

2024

• Nartu M., S. Meher, I.J. van Rooyen, D. Garcia, T. Wang, J. Fernandez dos Santos, and S. Tripathi, et al. 2024. Advanced Manufacturing Techniques and Compositions of High Entropy Alloys for Nuclear Applications. PNNL-36488. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Advanced Manufacturing Techniques and Compositions of High Entropy Alloys for Nuclear Applications
• Oshiro J.M., A. Fujii Yamagata, S. Sharma, R.M. Asmussen, S. Chong, B.J. Riley, and J.V. Crum, et al. 2024. "Pelletization with spark plasma sintering and characterization of metal iodides: An assessment of long-term radioiodine immobilization options." Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 63, no. 46:20009-20019. PNNL-SA-199799. doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.4c02320
• Riley B.J., N.L. Canfield, S. Chong, and J. Crum. 2024. "Metal-Encapsulated, Polymer-Containing Halide Salt Composites as Potential Long-Term Hosts for Radioiodine: Evaluating Halmets, Polyhalmets, and Halcermets." ACS Omega 9, no. 32:34661-34674. PNNL-SA-196206. doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c03378
• Riley B.J., N.L. Canfield, S. Chong, J.M. Oshiro, J.L. George, C. Burns, and J.L. Helgeland. 2024. Evaluating Iodine Immobilization Technologies: Cermets, Polycermets, and Polyhalmets. PNNL-35738. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Evaluating Iodine Immobilization Technologies: Cermets, Polycermets, and Polyhalmets
• Riley B.J., S. Chong, and N.L. Canfield. 2024. "Synthesis of and Iodine capture with MSx (Ag2S, Bi2S3, Cu2S)-polyacrylonitrile composites." New Journal of Chemistry 48, no. 8:3352-3356. PNNL-SA-193562. doi:10.1039/D3NJ05961H
• Whalen S.A., A.P. Reynolds, D.K. Chouhan, M. Komarasamy, B.S. Taysom, N.R. Overman, and N.L. Canfield, et al. 2024. Recycling of Titanium Scrap by Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE). PNNL-36607. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Recycling of Titanium Scrap by Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE)

2023

• Jiang W., L. Kovarik, M.G. Wirth, Z. Zhu, N.L. Canfield, L.M. Seymour, and L.M. Bagaasen, et al. 2023. "Ion irradiation study of lithium silicates for fusion blanket applications." Journal of Nuclear Materials 576. PNNL-SA-177177. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2023.154281
• Matthews B.E., J.J. Neeway, L. Nava-Farias, J. Marcial, B.W. Arey, J.A. Soltis, and L. Kovarik, et al. 2023. "Micro- and Nanoscale Surface Analysis of Late Iron Age Glass from Broborg, a Vitrified Swedish Hillfort." Microscopy and Microanalysis 29, no. 1:50-68. PNNL-SA-163973. doi:10.1093/micmic/ozac032
• Meher S., C.M. Silva, M. Nartu, A. Roy, W.E. Frazier, M. Komarasamy, and T. Ajantiwalay, et al. 2023. Evaluation of printability methodologies and feasibility to down select LBPF steel and other materials for nuclear applications. PNNL-34601. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Evaluation of printability methodologies and feasibility to down select LBPF steel and other materials for nuclear applications
• Nartu M., S. Meher, I. van Rooyen, S. Tripathi, and N.L. Canfield. 2023. Feasibility Study of Advanced Manufacturing Techniques and Compositions of High Entropy Alloys. PNNL-34763. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Feasibility Study of Advanced Manufacturing Techniques and Compositions of High Entropy Alloys
• Rader K.E., J.T. Darsell, J.L. Helgeland, N.L. Canfield, T.J. Roosendaal, E.K. Nickerson, and A.C. Denny, et al. 2023. "Improving the Mechanical Properties of Cast Aluminum Via Ultrasonication-Induced Microstructural Refinement." In Light Metals 2023: TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, edited by S. Broek, 422-428. PNNL-SA-177512. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22532-1_57
• Riley B.J., N.L. Canfield, M. Peterson, J.L. George, S. Chong, and J.V. Crum. 2023. Crystalline versus Glassy Nature of Iron Phosphate Waste Forms Subjected to Different Slow Cooling Curves. PNNL-34917. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Crystalline versus Glassy Nature of Iron Phosphate Waste Forms Subjected to Different Slow Cooling Curves

2022

• Li M.M., X. Zhan, E. Polikarpov, N.L. Canfield, M.H. Engelhard, J.M. Weller, and D.M. Reed, et al. 2022. "A Freeze-Thaw Molten Salt Battery for Seasonal Storage." Cell Reports Physical Science 3, no. 4:100821. PNNL-SA-171163. doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100821
• Reiser J., A.R. Lawter, N.M. Avalos, J.F. Bonnett, B.J. Riley, S. Chong, and N.L. Canfield, et al. 2022. "Review and Experimental Comparison of the Durability of Iodine Waste Forms in Semi-Dynamic Leach Testing." Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 11. PNNL-SA-165785. doi:10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100300
• Reza E Rabby M., T. Wang, N.L. Canfield, D.D. Graff, T.J. Roosendaal, and S.A. Whalen. 2022. "Effect of post-extrusion heat treatment on mechanical property of aluminum alloy 2024 tube produced using Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE)." In Light Metals Symposium held at the TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition (Light Metals 2022), February 27- March 3, 2022, Anaheim, CA, edited by D. Eskin, 301-307. Cham:Springer. PNNL-SA-166238. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92529-1_42
• Shin Y., Y. Qiao, N.L. Canfield, Z. Yu, H. Meyer, D.R. Merkel, and E.K. Nickerson, et al. 2022. "Significant slowdown of plasma-optimized surface energy deactivation by vacuum sealing for efficient adhesive bonding." Composites Part B: Engineering 240. PNNL-SA-170346. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110001

2021

• Chang H., I.A. Rodriguez Perez, M.R. Fayette, N.L. Canfield, H. Pan, D. Choi, and X. Li, et al. 2021. "Effects of Water-Based Binders on Electrochemical Performance of Manganese Dioxide Cathode in Mild Aqueous Zinc Batteries." Carbon Energy 3, no. 3:473-481. PNNL-SA-154267. doi:10.1002/cey2.84
• Choi J., J.F. Bonnett, N.L. Canfield, and J.S. Hardy. 2021. "Electrically Conductive and Protective Coating Compatibility with LSCF Cathodes." In Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, (SOFC 2021), July 18-23, 2021, Stockholm, Sweden. ECS Transactions, 103, 1827-1834. PNNL-SA-162493. doi:10.1149/10301.1827ecst
• Chou Y., T. Jin, N.L. Canfield, J.F. Bonnett, J. Choi, and J.S. Hardy. 2021. "Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite-Alumina Fiber Composite Contact Material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-XVII), July 18-23, 2021, Stockholm, Sweden. ECS Transactions, 103, 1835 - 1846. PNNL-SA-162624. doi:10.1149/10301.1835ecst
• Darsell J.T., D. Zhang, N.R. Overman, N.L. Canfield, T.J. Roosendaal, and K.S. Kappagantula. 2021. Manufacturing Dissolvable Alloy Components using ShAPE: A Study on Solid Phase Processing of Mg-W Composites and WJ11 Alloys. PNNL-32134. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Manufacturing Dissolvable Alloy Components using ShAPE: A Study on Solid Phase Processing of Mg-W Composites and WJ11 Alloys
• Kirby B.W., J.S. Hardy, C.A. Coyle, N.L. Canfield, and T.C. Droubay. 2021. "Sr and Co Vapor-Phase Transport from LSCF Cathodes." In 17th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOF-XVII) July 18, 2021 - July 23, 2021 Stockholm, Sweden. ECS Transactions, 103, 1415-1424. Bristol:IOP Publishing. PNNL-SA-163853. doi:10.1149/10301.1415ecst
• Komarasamy M., X. Li, S.A. Whalen, X. Ma, N.L. Canfield, M.J. Olszta, and T. Varga, et al. 2021. "Microstructural evolution in Cu-Nb processed via friction consolidation." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 22:12864-12880. PNNL-SA-158852. doi:10.1007/s10853-021-06093-9
• Li X., C. Zhou, N.R. Overman, X. Ma, N.L. Canfield, K.S. Kappagantula, and J.G. Schroth, et al. 2021. "Copper carbon composite wire with a uniform carbon dispersion made by friction extrusion." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 65. PNNL-SA-159070. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.03.055
• Nava-Farias L., J.J. Neeway, M.J. Schweiger, J. Marcial, N.L. Canfield, C.I. Pearce, and D.K. Peeler, et al. 2021. "Applying laboratory methods for durability assessment of vitrified material to archaeological samples." npj Materials Degradation 5. PNNL-SA-161396. doi:10.1038/s41529-021-00204-22020
• Zhan X, JP Sepulveda, X Lu, JF Bonnett, NL Canfield, TL Lemmon, and K Jung, et al. 2020. “Elucidating the role of anionic chemistry towards high-rate intermediate-temperature Na-metal halide batteries”. Energy storage materials 24. PNNL-SA-143535. doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2019.08.021

2019

• Asmussen RM, JV Ryan, J Matyas, JV Crum, J Reiser, NM Avalos, and EM McElroy, et al. 2019. “Investigating the Durability of Iodine Waste Forms in Dilute Conditions”. Materials 12, no. 5. Article No. 686. PNNL-SA-140280. doi:10.3390/ma12050686
• Chatterjee S, MS Fujimoto, NL Canfield, MR Elmore, DW Olson, EC Buck, and MA Conroy, et al. 2019. “An Electrochemical Technique for Controlled Dissolution of Zirconium Based Components of Light Water Reactors”. RSC Advances 9, no. 4:1869-1881. PNNL-SA-140123. doi:10.1039/C8RA08693A
• Jiang X., NR Overman, NL Canfield, and KA Ross. 2019. “Friction stir processing of dual certified 304/304L austenitic stainless steel for improved cavitation erosion resistance”. Applied Surface Science 471. PNNL-SA-138166. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.11.177
• Jin T, D Kim, LP Darnell, BL Weese, NL Canfield, M Bliss, and MJ Schweiger, et al. 2019. “A Crucible Salt Saturation Method for Determining Sulfur Solubility in Glass Melt”. International Journal of Applied Glass Science 10, no. 1:92-102. PNNL-SA-132997. doi:10.1111/ijag.12366
• Lonergan CE, K Akinloye-Brown, JA Rice, V Gervasio, NL Canfield, MJ Schweiger, and JD Vienna. 2019. “Micron-sized spinel crystals in high level waste glass compositions: Determination of crystal size and crystal fraction”. Journal of Nuclear Materials 514. PNNL-SA-134262. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.11.039
• Riley BJ, JA Peterson, NL Canfield, and SM Frank. 2019. Ceramic waste form process for immobilizing iodine in glass-bonded iodosodalite. PNNL-SA-145969. Richland, Washington, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 

2018

• Chang H, X Lu, JF Bonnett, NL Canfield, K Han, MH Engelhard, and K Jung, et al. 2018. “Decorating ß”-alumina solid-state electrolyte with submicron Pb spherical particles for improving Na wettability at lower temperatures”. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 40:19703-19711. PNNL-SA-135511. doi:10.1039/C8TA06745G
• Chang H, X Lu, JF Bonnett, NL Canfield, S Son, Y Park, and K Jung, et al. 2018. “’Ni-less’ Cathodes for High Energy Density, Intermediate Temperature Na-NiCl2 Batteries”. Advanced Materials Interfaces 5, no. 10, Article No. 1701592. PNNL-SA-130933. doi:10.1002/admi.201701592
• Hardy JS, CA Coyle, JF Bonnett, JW Templeton, NL Canfield, DJ Edwards, and SM Mahserejian, et al. 2018. “Evaluation of Cation Migration in Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes via In-operando X-ray Diffraction”. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 4:1787-1801. PNNL-SA-127796. doi:10.1039/c7ta06856e
• Jung K, H Chang, JF Bonnett, NL Canfield, VL Sprenkle, and G Li. 2018. “An advanced Na-NiCI2 battery using bi-layer (dense/micro-porous) ß”-alumina solid-state electrolytes”. Journal of Power Sources 396. PNNL-SA-132030. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.06.039
• Lu X, H Chang, JF Bonnett, NL Canfield, K Jung, VL Sprenkle, and G Li. 2018. “An Intermediate-Temperature High-Performance Na-ZnCl2 Battery”. ACS Omega 3, no. 11:15702-15708. PNNL-SA-137277. doi:10.1021/acsomega.8b02112
• Yu L, NL Canfield, S Chen, H Lee, X Ren, MH Engelhard, and Q Li, et al. 2018. “Enhanced Stability of Lithium Metal Anode by using a 3D Porous Nickel Substrate”. ChemElectroChem 5, no. 5:761-769. PNNL-SA-130543. doi:10.1002/celc.201701250

2017

• Chang H, NL Canfield, K Jung, VL Sprenkle, and G Li. 2017. “Advanced Na-NiCl2 Battery using Nickel-Coated Graphite with Core-Shell Microarchitecture”. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 13:11609-11614. PNNL-ACT-SA-10199. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b00271
• Chang H, X Lu, JF Bonnett, NL Canfield, S Son, Y Park, and K Jung, et al. 2017. “Development of Intermediate Temperature Sodium Nickel Chloride Rechargeable Batteries using Conventional Polymer Sealing Technologies”. Journal of Power Sources 348. PNNL-ACT-SA-10210. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.02.059
• Fiskum SK, CA Burns, NL Canfield, RC Daniel, JA Fort, PA Gauglitz, and WL Kuhn, et al. 2017. Standard High Solids Vessel Design Newtonian Simulant Qualification. PNNL-26103; WTP-RPT-245, Rev 0. Richland, Washington, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 
• Lu X, H Chang, JF Bonnett, NL Canfield, K Jung, VL Sprenkle, and G Li. 2017. “Effect of Cathode Thickness on the Performance of Planar Na-NiCl2 Battery”. Journal of Power Sources 365. PNNL-SA-125568. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.07.029
• Riley BJ, JD Vienna, SM Frank, JO Kroll, JA Peterson, NL Canfield, and Z Zhu, et al. 2017. “Glass Binder Development for a Glass-Bonded Sodalite Ceramic Waste Form”. Journal of Nuclear Materials 489. PNNL-SA-123338. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2017.03.041
• Rodriguez CP, J Chun, JV Crum, NL Canfield, E Ronnebro, JD Vienna, and AA Kruger. 2017. “Thermal properties of simulated Hanford waste glasses”. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 100, no. 6:2533-2542. PNNL-SA-115965. doi:10.1111/jace.14786

2016

• Gotthold DW, N Browning, E Jensen, AG Joly, and NL Canfield. 2016. Optically Stimulated Luminescence Based Optical Data Storage. PNNL-27989. Richland, Washington, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
• Li G, X Lu, JY Kim, KD Meinhardt, H Chang, NL Canfield, and VL Sprenkle. 2016. “Advanced Intermediate Temperature Sodium-Nickel Chloride Batteries with Ultra-High Energy Density”. Nature Communications 7. PNNL-SA-112622. doi:10.1038/ncomms10683
• Liu J, NL Canfield, and W Liu. 2016. “Preparation and Characterization of a Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Framework Membrane Supported on Thin Porous Metal Sheet”. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 55, no. 13:3823-3832. PNNL-SA-106001. doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04739
• Matyas J, NL Canfield, SE Sannoh, and MR Zumhoff. 2016. “Silica-based waste form for immobilization of iodine from reprocessing plant off-gas streams”. Journal of Nuclear Materials 476. PNNL-SA-117831. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.04.047

2015

• Canfield NL, JY Kim, JF Bonnett, RL Pearson, VL Sprenkle, and K Jung. 2015. “Effects of Fabrication Conditions on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Duplex ß”-Al2O3 Solid Electrolyte”. Materials Science and Engineering B: Advanced Functional Solid-state Materials 197. PNNL-ACT-SA-10031. doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2015.03.009
• Kim JY, NL Canfield, JF Bonnett, VL Sprenkle, K Jung, and I Hong. 2015. “A Duplex ß”-Al2O3 Solid Electrolyte Consisting of A Thin Dense Layer and A Porous Substrate”. Solid State Ionics 278. PNNL-ACT-SA-10030. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.06.013

2014

• Henager CH, RJ Kurtz, NL Canfield, Y Shin, WG Luscher, J Mansurov, and TJ Roosendaal, et al. 2014. “Low Activation Joining of SiC/SiC Composites for Fusion Applications: Tape Casting TiC+Si Powders”. In Fusion Materials Semiannual Progress Report for the Period Ending December 31, 2013. 23-28. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. PNNL-SA-101240.

2013

• Henager CH, RJ Kurtz, NL Canfield, Y Shin, WG Luscher, J Mansurov, and TJ Roosendaal, et al. 2013. “Low Activation Joining of SiC/SiC Composites for Fusion Applications: Tape Casting TiC+Si Powders”. In Fusion Materials Semiannual Report for the Period Ending December 31, 2013. 23-28. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. PNNL-SA-97504.
• Reed DM, GW Coffey, ES Mast, NL Canfield, J Mansurov, X Lu, and VL Sprenkle. 2013. “Wetting of Sodium on ß?-Al2O3/YSZ Composites for Low Temperature Planar Sodium-Metal Halide Batteries”. Journal of Power Sources 227. PNNL-SA-89519. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.034
• Xing R, Y Rao, WE TeGrotenhuis, NL Canfield, F Zheng, DW Winiarski, and W Liu. 2013. “Advanced Thin Zeolite/Metal Flat Sheet Membrane for Energy Efficient Air Dehumidification and Conditioning”. Chemical Engineering Science 104. PNNL-SA-86852. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2013.08.061

2011

• Chick LA, KD Meinhardt, SP Simner, BW Kirby, MR Powell, and NL Canfield. 2011. “Factors Affecting Limiting Current in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells or Debunking the Myth of Anode Diffusion Polarization”. Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 10:4475-4482. PNNL-SA-76657.
• Chou YS, EC Thomsen, RT Williams, J Choi, NL Canfield, JF Bonnett, and JW Stevenson, et al. 2011. “Compliant alkali silicate sealing glass for solid oxide fuel cell applications: thermal cycle stability and chemical compatibility”. Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 5:2709-2716. PNNL-SA-76697. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.020
• Liu W, J Zhang, NL Canfield, and LV Saraf. 2011. “Preparation of Robust, Thin Zeolite Membrane Sheet for Molecular Separation”. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 50, no. 20:11677-11689. PNNL-SA-74466. doi:10.1021/ie200519b

2010

• Xu W, NL Canfield, D Wang, J Xiao, Z Nie, and J Zhang. 2010. “A three-dimensional Macroporous Cu/SnO2 composite anode sheet prepared via a novel method”. Journal of Power Sources 195, no. 21:7403-7408. PNNL-SA-70252. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.05.054
• Xu W, NL Canfield, D Wang, J Xiao, Z Nie, XS Li, and WD Bennett, et al. 2010. “Approach to make macroporous metal sheets as current collectors for lithium-ion batteries”. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157, no. 7:A765-A769. PNNL-SA-69910.

2007

• Canfield NL, JV Crum, J Matyas, A Bandyopadhyay, KS Weil, LR Pederson, and JS Hardy. 2007. “Sintering of Mixed-Conducting Composites for Hydrogen Membranes From Nanoscale Co-Synthesized Powders”. Processing and manufacturing of advanced materials international conference; THERMEC 2006, Jul 5th, 2006, Vancouver, Canada. Materials Science Forum, 539-543, 1413-1420. Zurich:Trans Tech Publications. PNNL-SA-48245.
• Hardy JS, EC Thomsen, NL Canfield, JV Crum, KS Weil, and LR Pederson. 2007. “Development of Passive Hydrogen Separation Membranes made from Co-Synthesized Nanoscale Cermet Powders”. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32. PNNL-SA-48968. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.08.016
• Hardy JS, NL Canfield, JV Crum, A Bandyopadhyay, KS Weil, and LR Pederson. 2007. “Co-synthesis of Mixed Conducting Composites for Hydrogen Separation: Compositional Considerations”. Materials in Clean Power Systems: Applications, Corrosion, and Protection: 2006 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, edited by ZG Yang, KS Weil and MP Brady, 3-14. Warrendale, Pennsylvania:TMS. PNNL-SA-47483.
• Johnson BR, NL Canfield, DN Tran, RA Dagle, XS Li, JD Holladay, and Y Wang. 2007. “Engineered SMR catalysts based on hydrothermally stable, porous, ceramic supports for microchannel reactors”. Catalysis Today 120, no. 1:54-62. PNNL-SA-53034.

2006

• Kim JY, VL Sprenkle, NL Canfield, KD Meinhardt, and LA Chick. 2006. “Effects of Chrome Contamination on the Performance of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O-3 Cathode Used in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells”. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 153, no. 5:A880-A886. PNWD-SA-7101. doi:10.1149/1.2181435

2005

• Kim JY, NL Canfield, LA Chick, KD Meinhardt, and VL Sprenkle. 2005. “CHROMIUM POISONING EFFECTS ON VARIOUS CATHODES”. Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, edited by NP Bansal, 26, 129-138. Westerville, Ohio, American Ceramic Society. PNNL-SA-43945. doi:10.1002/9780470291245.ch15

2003

• Simner SP, JF Bonnett, NL Canfield, KD Meinhardt, JP Shelton, VL Sprenkle, and JW Stevenson. 2003. “Development of Lanthanum Ferrite SOFC Cathodes”. Journal of Power Sources 113, no. 1:1-10. PNNL-SA-36956.

2002

• Marina OA, NL Canfield, and JW Stevenson. 2002. “Thermal, Electrical, and Electrocatalytical Properties of Lanthanum-Doped Strontium Titanate”. Solid State Ionics 149, no. 1-2:21-28. PNNL-SA-35369.
• Simner SP, JF Bonnett, NL Canfield, KD Meinhardt, JP Shelton, VL Sprenkle, and JW Stevenson. 2002. “Development of Cathode Materials for Low Temperature SOFCs”. In 2002 Fuel Cell Seminar: Fuel Cells - Reliable, Clean Energy for the World, November 19-21, 2002, Palm Springs, California., 344-347. Washington, DC, Fuel Cell Seminar. PNNL-SA-37651.
• Simner SP, JF Bonnett, NL Canfield, KD Meinhardt, V Sprenkle, and JW Stevenson. 2002. “Optimized Lanthanum Ferrite-Based Cathods for Anode-Supported SOFCs”. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 5, no. 7:A173-A175. PNNL-SA-52069. doi:10.1149/1.1483156
• Simner SP, JF Bonnett, NL Canfield, KD Meinhardt, VL Sprenkle, and JW Stevenson. 2002. “Optimized Lanathanum Ferrite-Based Cathodes for Anode-Supported SOFCs”. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 5, no. 7:A173-A175. PNNL-SA-35877.

2001

• Simner SP, KD Meinhardt, NL Canfield, and JW Stevenson. 2001. “Development of Fabrication Techniques and Electrodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells”. In Solid oxide fuel cells VII, (SOFC VII), proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, June 3-8, 2001. Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society, edited by H. Yokokawa and S.C. Singhal, 2001-16, 1051-1060. Pennington, New Jersey:The Electrochemical Society. PNNL-SA-35878.
• Stevenson JW, KD Meinhardt, CF Habeger, NL Canfield, and SP Simner. 2001. “Fabrication and Testing of Anode-Supported SOFC”. In Fuel cells--powering the 21st Century. 2000 Fuel Cell Seminar, October 30-November 2, 2000, Portland, Oregon, 627-630. Washington, DC. Courtesy Associates. PNNL-SA-34254.

2000

• Stevenson JW, K Hasinska, NL Canfield, and TR Armstrong. 2000. “Influence of Cobalt and Iron Additions on the Electrical and Thermal Properties of (La,Sr)(Ga,Mg)O3-d”. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 147, no. 9:3213-3218. PNNL-SA-32711.