Batteries were invented in 1800, but their complex chemical processes are still being explored and improved. While there are several types of batteries, at its essence a battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electric energy.

Bioinformatics uses computers to make sense of the vast amount of data researchers can now glean from living things. These things can be as seemingly simple as a single cell or as complex as the human immune response. Bioinformatics is a tool that helps researchers decipher the human genome, look at the global picture of a biological system, develop new biotechnologies, or perfect new legal and forensic techniques, and it will be used to create the personalized medicine of the future.

Graph analytics is the evaluation of information that has been organized as objects and their connections. The purpose of graph analytics is to understand how the objects relate or could relate.

Deep reinforcement learning can best be explained as a method to learn to make a series of good decisions over some time.

Fentanyl analogs are illicit—and often deadly—alterations of the medically prescribed drug fentanyl. The analogs have similar—but not the same—chemical structure, and they mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug.