FAST SIMULTANEOUS FEASIBILITY TEST WITH ELECTRICAL POWER GRID PERTURBATIONS OVER STATES AND CONTINGENCIES (iEdison No. 0685901-22-0067)
The invention is a fast simultaneous feasibility test for security constrained unit commitment with network changes over time and contingencies. Given a proposed solution to a security constrained unit commitment problem, a simultaneous feasibility test evaluates a set of security constraints, determines whether the solution violates any of these constraints, and returns sensitivity coefficients for violated constraints with respect to the solution variables. The security constraints to be evaluated cover the initial network topology as well as changes to the topology over different time intervals in the model and over contingencies. These changes typically comprise the opening or closing of just a few lines in the network. This invention includes numerical algorithms that perform this simultaneous feasibility test quickly. The structure of the network changes over time intervals and contingencies and the small number of lines being changed are used in a novel way to speed up the computation. The speed of this computation enables this simultaneous feasibility test to be hosted on a single computer workstation and to be integrated into the security constrained unit commitment solver, leading to a speedup of the total time required to solve the security constrained unit commitment problem. This invention specifically applies a general mathematical technique used in a previous invention by the same inventors for network changes under contingencies to the network changes over time intervals. The elaboration and specification of this technique for network changes over time is the content of this invention.
PROCESS FOR CONVERSION OF LEVULINIC ACID TO KETONES
A method for generating desired platform chemicals from feedstocks such as cellulosic biomass feedstocks containing levulinic acid by decarboxylating a feed stock comprising levulinic acid to generate ketones. This is done by passing a feed stock comprising levulinic acid in a gas phase over a non-precious metal catalyst on a neutral support.
LOCALIZED SUPERCONCENTRATED ELECTROLYTES FOR STABLE CYCLING OF ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES
Embodiments of localized superconcentrated electrolytes (LSEs) for stable operation of electrochemical devices, such as rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and sensors, are disclosed. Electrochemical devices, such as rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and sensors, including the LSEs are also disclosed. The LSEs include an active salt, a solvent in which the active salt is soluble, and a diluent in which the active salt is insoluble or poorly soluble. In certain embodiments, such as when the solvent and diluent are immiscible, the LSE further includes a bridge solvent.
GRID REGULATION SERVICES FOR ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES BASED ON GRID FREQUENCY
Disclosed herein are representative embodiments of methods, apparatus, and systems for charging and discharging an energy storage device connected to an electrical power distribution system. In one exemplary embodiment, a controller monitors electrical characteristics of an electrical power distribution system and provides an output to a bi-directional charger causing the charger to charge or discharge an energy storage device (e.g., a battery in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)). The controller can help stabilize the electrical power distribution system by increasing the charging rate when there is excess power in the electrical power distribution system (e.g., when the frequency of an AC power grid exceeds an average value), or by discharging power from the energy storage device to stabilize the grid when there is a shortage of power in the electrical power distribution system (e.g., when the frequency of an AC power grid is below an average value).
HIGH CAPACITY AND STABLE CATHODE MATERIALS
High energy density cathode materials, such as LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) cathode materials, with improved discharge capacity (hence energy density) and enhanced cycle life are described, A solid electrolyte, such as lithium phosphate infused inside of secondary particles of the cathode material demonstrates significantly enhanced structural integrity without significant or without any observable particle cracking occurring during charge/discharge processes, showing high capacity retention of more than 90% after 200 cycles at room temperature. In certain embodiments the disclosed cathode materials (and cathodes made therefrom) are formed using nickel-rich NMC and/or are used in a battery system with a non-aqueous dual-Li salt electrolytes.
PERFORMANCE AND USABILITY ENHANCEMENTS FOR CONTINUOUS SUBGRAPH MATCHING QUERIES ON GRAPH-STRUCTURED DATA
StreamWorks is a network analysis framework that enables an analyst to monitor and analyze streaming computer network traffic data to identify emerging computer network intrusions and threats. Different types of graphical query patterns may be defined for specific types of cyberattacks including various network scans, reflector attacks, flood attack, viruses, worms, etc. StreamWorks will support subgraph matching on computer network attributes such as hostnames, IP addresses, protocols, ports, packet sizes, machine types, and message types. The speed of subgraph pattern matching will be accelerated by collecting and utilizing node and edge frequency information to optimize search paths through a massive data graph. Computer network intrusion analysis will involve live computer network data streamed in at high data rates and the analysis of data graphs consisting of millions to billions of edges. For known patterns, specific graphical query patterns are collected in a library and continuously and efficiently matched against the dynamic graph as it is updated. Each graph query is captured as a subgraph join tree which decomposes the query graph into smaller search subpatterns. These smaller subpatterns signify precursor events that emerge early before the full query pattern is complete. As precursor events are detected in data streams, they are matched to the nodes of different subgraph join trees. Matching that occurs higher in a join tree indicates a higher probability that a specific type of attack is occurring. A similarity or confidence score may be computed for the partial matching through training on collected computer network traffic data to measure the frequencies of occurrence of partial subpatterns as precursors to the full graph query pattern. For unknown patterns or zero-day exploits, the same analysis framework may be applied to track the emergence of small subpatterns as they appear in the data stream. The system may be seeded with hints to look for small graph patterns that involve rare events (based on collected statistics), events involving critical resources such as an authentication server, domain name server, database, etc., or particular host machines of specific suspicions or interests to analysts. When seeded subpatterns are found in the data stream, they are tracked and monitored within subgraph join trees. Here, subpatterns are joined based on specific criteria such as when the subpatterns grow beyond a certain threshold size, additional critical resources are introduced into a subpattern, or important types of interactions or communications are detected. Thus, full attack patterns may dynamically emerge from the small seeded patterns or hints. The initial seeded patterns may have confidence scores generated from collected statistics or assigned by analysts, which are then propagated up through the subgraph join tree. Additionally, StreamWorks will provide mechanisms for analysts to vet tracked subpatterns so as to improve analysis and performance by eliminating benign patterns from being monitored and assessed. The advanced dynamic graph algorithms have been packaged into a streaming network analysis framework known as StreamWorks. With StreamWorks, a scientist or analyst may detect and identify precursor events and patterns as they emerge in complex networks. This analysis framework is intended to be used in a dynamic environment where network data is streamed in and is appended to a large-scale dynamic graph. An interactive graph query construction tool has been developed that will allow an analyst to build a query graph. Various cyberattack templates have been developed for querying the dynamic graph, where an analyst may tailor the attributes of a cyberattack query by adjusting parameters of the cyberattack template. The dynamic results, which are the subpatterns of the template that are matched in the dynamic graph, are returned to the analyst in a visualization showing the emerging and evolving patterns along with a visualization of the subgraph join tree containing statistics on the level of matching per partial subgraph pattern.
ELECTRON BEAM MASKS FOR COMPRESSIVE SENSORS
Transmission microscopy imaging systems include a mask and/or other modulator situated to encode image beams, e.g., by deflecting the image beam with respect to the mask and/or sensor. The beam is modulated/masked either before or after transmission through a sample to induce a spatially and/or temporally encoded signal by modifying any of the beam/image components including the phase/coherence, intensity, or position of the beam at the sensor. For example, a mask can be placed/translated through the beam so that several masked beams are received by a sensor during a single sensor integration time. Images associated with multiple mask displacements are then used to reconstruct a video sequence using a compressive sensing method. Another example of masked modulation involves a mechanism for phase-retrieval, whereby the beam is modulated by a set of different masks in the image plane and each masked image is recorded in the diffraction plane.
Information Processing Systems, Reasoning Modules, And Reasoning System Design Methods
Information processing systems, reasoning modules, and reasoning system design methods are described. According to one aspect, an information processing system includes working memory comprising a semantic graph which comprises a plurality of abstractions, wherein the abstractions individually include an individual which is defined according to an ontology and a reasoning system comprising a plurality of reasoning modules which are configured to process different abstractions of the semantic graph, wherein a first of the reasoning modules is configured to process a plurality of abstractions which include individuals of a first classification type of the ontology and a second of the reasoning modules is configured to process a plurality of abstractions which include individuals of a second classification type of the ontology, wherein the first and second classification types are different.
MACHINE LEARNING MODEL EXPLANATION APPARATUS AND METHODS
Our invention is a generalizable approach for understanding machine learning models using the model inputs and outputs only. We leverage topological data analysis (TDA), which is a new field for understanding complex high dimensional data by simplifying it into human understandable shapes capturing the most salient structures in the data. Our analysis approach builds on the 'Mapper" technique in a novel way by designing a cover specifically for machine learning predictions. This cover scheme substantially differentiates our approach from the existing Mapper algorithm. This allows us to overcome the scalability limitations of Mapper, which require the cover to be low dimensional. While our approach is tailored specifically towards machine learning applications, it scales to many dimensions, i.e., prediction classes. Additionally, we developed an analysis approach called 'escape routes" to explain relationships between different regions in the topological space defined model predictions.
SNAP-IN BUSHINGS AND PROCESS FOR HIGH-PRESSURE AND/OR HIGH TEMPERATURE MAGIC ANGLE SPINNING NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Snap-in bushings are disclosed that enable sealing of sample chambers in MAS-NMR rotors for high pressure and/or high temperature operation that enhance pressure limits up to about 400 bar and temperature limits up to at least about 250.degree. C.