ACTIVE MAGNETIC REGENERATIVE PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS EMPLOYING HYDROGEN AS HEAT TRANSFER FLUID AND PROCESS GAS
A process for liquefying a hydrogen process gas comprising: introducing a hydrogen heat transfer fluid into an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus that comprises (i) a high magnetic field section in which the hydrogen heat transfer fluid flows from a cold side to a hot side through at least one magnetized bed of at least one magnetic refrigerant, (ii) a first no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is demagnetized, (iii) a low magnetic field or demagnetized section in which the hydrogen heat transfer fluid flows from a hot side to a cold side through the demagnetized bed, and (iv) a second no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is magnetized; continuously introducing the hydrogen heat transfer fluid from the cold side of the low magnetic field or demagnetized section into the cold side of the high magnetic field section; continuously diverting a portion of the hydrogen heat transfer fluid flowing from the cold side of the low magnetic field or demagnetized section into an expander; and isenthalpically expanding the diverted portion of the hydrogen heat transfer fluid to produce liquefied hydrogen.
New Clean Energy Process Converts Methane to Hydrogen with Zero Carbon Dioxide Emissions
PNNL teamed with academia and industry to develop a novel zero-emission methane pyrolysis process that produces both hydrogen and high-value carbon solids suitable for an array of manufacturing applications.
Synthetic Molecule First Electricity-Making Catalyst to Use Iron to Split Hydrogen Gas
A fast and efficient iron-based catalyst that splits hydrogen gas to make electricity — necessary to make fuel cells more economical — was reported by researchers at the Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, based at PNNL.
SEALANTS FOR HIGH PRESSURE HYDROGEN GAS STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION (iEdison No. 0685901-23-0249)
Rubber sealant formulations made of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), thermally conductive, hydrogen barrier, and reinforcing fillers, as well as liquid rubber, antioxidant, and abrasion resistance additives have been explored. The formulations can be peroxide cured to produce thermosetting elastomers with excellent thermomechanical properties, very low equilibrium hydrogen concentrations, as low as 2.2 wt ppm/mm3, and a high thermal conductivity. No chemical or mechanical failures were observed under high hydrogen pressure up to 90 MPa and during the rapid decompression process. The densities and the chemical structures (FTIR) of all formulations are the same with no significant changes before and after the thermal desorption analysis (TDA). In addition, the in-situ swelling during rapid decompression rate of 15 MP/min from high hydrogen pressure of 90 MPa was approximately 39 ± 2% compared to 80 to 250% for other EPDM formulations reported previously. All the invented formulations have extremely low equilibrium hydrogen concentrations and low swealing% under high hydrogen pressure compared to the commercially available sealants currently used in hydrogen storage and transportation infrastructure (2.2-2.9 compared to 6 to 50 wt ppm/mm3). The invented formulations can be used as outstanding and cost-effective alternatives to the sealants currently used in the manufacture of hydrogen storage vessels, tanks, and fuel stations.
SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF DECOUPLED HYDROGEN GENERATION USING ENERGY-BEARING REDOX PAIRS
Described herein are systems and methods of hydrogen generation and electrolyte regeneration as independent operations in separate redox flow cells. The operations can be decoupled by using an energy-bearing redox pair that electrochemically bears energy facilitating flexible, efficient hydrogen generation. In one example, the hydrogen generation redox flow cell can include a liquid, energy-bearing electrolyte solution in which at least one species of an energy-bearing redox pair is dissolved, to decouple the hydrogen evolution reaction from the reaction at the opposite electrode (e.g., the oxygen evolution reaction of conventional direct water electrolysis). Each species of the energy-bearing redox pair is associated with a standard electrode potential within the water electrolysis window.
Palladium Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Bio-oils and Organic Compounds
Biomass fast pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) can serve as feedstock for production of useful chemicals by catalytic hydrogenation over a ruthenium metal catalyst. The chemical products include a suite of cyclohexanols, such as cyclohexanol, 4-alkylcyclohexanols, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 4-alkyl-1,2-cyclohexanediol, 2-methoxycyclohexanol, and 4-alkyl-2-methoxycyclohexanols, as well as similar cyclohexanones. (alkyl = methyl, ethyl and propyl). The hydrogenation is accomplished at temperatures of 180 to 280 degrees Celsius and operating pressures of 2000 psig.
METHOD OF USING HYDROGEN TO EXTEND CATALYST LIFE FOR ETHANOL TO BUTADIENE CONVERSIONS (iEdison No. 0685901-23-0266)
What is claimed is the use of hydrogen as an additive to a feed stream to convert ethanol and acetaldehyde to butadiene to enhance the lifetime of the catalyst. The hydrogen feed may originate from the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde; the products from that reaction being supplemented with additional ethanol in a second reactor to produce butadiene.
Flow Cell Systems, Flow Cell Batteries, and Hydrogen Production Processes
We propose a new paradigm for low-cost hydrogen generation though a hybrid electrolyzer/flow battery device, in which the oxygen electrode is replaced with a Fe2+/Fe3+ catholyte. In order for continuous operation, a regeneration cell will provide the replenishment of the Fe2+ ions through renewable resources, such as carbohydrate or photoreduction,.