Microfluidic Sample Injectors Absent Electrokinetic Injection
Microfluidic sample injection, which is based on a mechanical valve rather than electrokinetic injection into an integrated separation channel or a discrete separation column, can provide improved sample injections, enhanced capabilities, and can eliminate the need for changing the electric field in the separation channel to induce sample injection. An interface allowing the use of a discrete separation column easily allows for flexibility to utilize the microfluidic injector with existing analytical techniques. Multiple sample channels and/or sample sources can be utilized with the microfluidic sample injector.
Orthogonal Ion Injection Apparatus and Process
An orthogonal ion injection apparatus and process are described in which ions are directly injected into an ion guide orthogonal to the ion guide axis through an inlet opening located on a side of the ion guide. The end of the heated capillary is placed inside the ion guide such that the ions are directly injected into DC and RF fields inside the ion guide, which efficiently confines ions inside the ion guide. Liquid droplets created by the ionization source that are carried through the capillary into the ion guide are removed from the ion guide by a strong directional gas flow through an inlet opening on the opposite side of the ion guide. Strong DC and RF fields divert ions into the ion guide. In-guide orthogonal injection yields a noise level that is a factor of 1.5 to 2 lower than conventional inline injection known in the art. Signal intensities for low m/z ions are greater compared to convention inline injection under the same processing conditions..
Downhole Fluid Injection Systems CO2 Sequestration Methods and Hydrocarbon Material Recovery Methods
A down borehole injection tool is described for injecting a microemulsion of liquid CO2 and H2O into a porous formation. The tool is capable of combining a variable ratio of H2O and CO2 into a microemulsion from two separate components: H2O and liquid CO2. The microemulsion is generated by shearing off microscopic droplets of liquid CO2 in a high pressure channel of H2O. The shearing action produces a homogenous dense stream of discrete droplets of liquid CO2 in H2O. The mixture is subsequently blended and transported from the injector by the high pressure water into the target formation. The injection tool is designed to accommodate an inlet for H2O and liquid CO2, which are typically stored above ground. Surface pumps are used to produce the required pressure for both the H2O and CO2. Once the H2O-CO2 microemulsion is generated, it exits the injection tool vertically in a radial pattern covering the length of the target formation. Inflatable packers are used to isolate the target formation in either an open borehole or a cased bore hole with perforated intervals.
CRYO NANOMANIPULATOR WITH INTEGRATED GAS INJECTION
A nanomanipulator with integrated gas injection capability has been developed. The device features a 1/4" tube with an integrated thermocouple wire and two small diameter stainless steel tubes that terminate near a tungsten needle. The tungsten wire can be cooled to cryogenic temperatures via a copper braid connected to a cold finger. Thermal insulation between the tungsten needle and the 1/4" tube body is maintained via a plastic spacer to minimize thermal conduction. The two small diameter stainless steel tubes provide a means to inject gas which flows near the end of the tungsten needle. Gas flow can be controlled independently to each small diameter stainless steel tubes, allowing the flow of the same or different gases. The lateral and horizontal positioning of the small diameter stainless steel tubes relative to the tungsten wire is made via an attached jig. The design of the device allows the introduction of various gases into the focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope to facilitate the deposition of metallic or carbonaceous thin films on cryogentically-cooled surfaces
Better Modeling of Cloud Properties Shows Aerosol-Cloud-Interactions' Influence on Convective Clouds
Using a physically-advanced modeling scheme shows that anthropogenic aerosols significantly enhance the convective intensity and precipitation of storms
Studying Cloud Condensation Nuclei to Close the Gap of Modeled Aerosol Properties
Performing closure studies using aerosol size, aerosol composition, and cloud condensation nuclei measurements of mixed aerosol from the Southern Great Plains region.
Simulating the Global Distribution and Climate Impacts of Nitrate Aerosol
Adding an advanced atmospheric aerosol treatment to a climate model enables assessments of the radiative effects of nitrate aerosols.
A Diagnostics Package to Evaluate Aerosols in an Earth System Model with Field Campaign Measurements
The Earth system model aerosol-cloud diagnostics package version 1 uses aircraft, ship, and surface measurements to evaluate simulated aerosols in an Earth system model.