PNNL

Abstract

The availability of renewable energy resources, e.g., solar and wind has grown substantially over last 30 years and these resources are expected to grow even more over the next 30 years to facilitate the international goals of net-zero carbon emissions, e. g., the share of renewables in total electricity generation would increase by ca. twice from 2020 to 2050. A critical need is to develop energy storage options to manage the disparity in time and/or space of energy production and energy utilization. Batteries are invaluable for short durations, i.e.,