ACTIVE MAGNETIC REGENERATIVE PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS EMPLOYING HYDROGEN AS HEAT TRANSFER FLUID AND PROCESS GAS
A process for liquefying a hydrogen process gas comprising: introducing a hydrogen heat transfer fluid into an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus that comprises (i) a high magnetic field section in which the hydrogen heat transfer fluid flows from a cold side to a hot side through at least one magnetized bed of at least one magnetic refrigerant, (ii) a first no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is demagnetized, (iii) a low magnetic field or demagnetized section in which the hydrogen heat transfer fluid flows from a hot side to a cold side through the demagnetized bed, and (iv) a second no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is magnetized; continuously introducing the hydrogen heat transfer fluid from the cold side of the low magnetic field or demagnetized section into the cold side of the high magnetic field section; continuously diverting a portion of the hydrogen heat transfer fluid flowing from the cold side of the low magnetic field or demagnetized section into an expander; and isenthalpically expanding the diverted portion of the hydrogen heat transfer fluid to produce liquefied hydrogen.
TRANSGENE EXPRESSION OF LIGNINOLYTIC ENZYMES IN FUNGI (iEdison No. 0685901-23-0027)
In this study, we have mainly evaluated the effects of the prtT (transcriptional factor of proteases), mnn9 (subunit of Goli mannoyltransferase complex), and vsm1 (V-SNARE binding protein) on β-glucosidase (A5IL97, an ionic liquid-tolerant thermophilic cellulase) production in Aspergillus niger via gene disruption. When the individual gene was disrupted, the A5IL97 activity was about 2.6 to 9.2 times higher than the transgenic parent strain (A5IL97). When the vms1 was further deleted from the A5IL97/prtTΔ transgenic strain, the A5IL97 activity was increased 14.9 folds as compared with the transgenic parent strain. This strategy is also applicable to the transgene expression of other related proteins in A. niger. Transgene expression of manganese peroxidase (mnP)was further examined and optimized in A. niger. In this study, we evaluated the transgene expression of all four isoforms of mnP (pcmnP1, pcmnP2, pcmnP3, and pcmnP5) from P. chrysosporium, glmnP1 from Ganoderma lucidum, pomnP4 from Pleurotus ostreatus and found that pcmnP2 had the highest transgene expression by the enzyme activities. When the prtT gene was disrupted in the pcmnP2 transgenic strain, the mnP2 activity was increased by 2.2 folds. Various factors such as, nitrogen, oxygen, temperature, pH, hemoglobin, antioxidants, and spore age all exert their effects on mnP production in A. niger. Further improvement of the mnP production is being investigated by disruption of other related genes such as vms1 or mnn9 or over-expression of other pcmnP isoforms in the pcmnP2/prtTΔ transgenic strain background. The overall optimized conditions for the mnP productions will be established in the A. niger.
Heavy Fossil Hydrocarbon Conversion and Upgrading Using Radio-Frequency or Microwave Energy
Conversion of heavy fossil hydrocarbons (HFH) to a variety of value-added chemicals and/or fuels can be enhanced using microwave (MW) and/or radio-frequency (RE) energy. Variations of reactants, process parameters, and reactor design can significantly influence the relative distribution of chemicals and fuels generated as the product. In one example, a system for flash microwave conversion of HFH includes a source concentrating microwave or RF energy in a reaction zone having a pressure greater than 0.9 atm, a continuous feed having HFH and a process gas passing through the reaction zone, a HFH-to-liquids catalyst contacting the HFH in at least the reaction zone, and dielectric discharges within the reaction zone. The HFH and the catalyst have a residence time in the reaction zone of less than 30 seconds. In some instances, a plasma can form in or near the reaction zone.
Methods for associating or dissociating guest materials with a metal organic framework, systems for associating or dissociating guest materials within a series of metal organic frameworks, thermal energy transfer assemblies, and methods for tra
Methods for releasing associated guest materials from a metal organic framework are provided. Methods for associating guest materials with a metal organic framework are also provided. Methods are provided for selectively associating or dissociating guest materials with a metal organic framework. Systems for associating or dissociating guest materials within a series of metal organic frameworks are provided. Thermal energy transfer assemblies are provided. Methods for transferring thermal energy are also provided.
REDOX FLOW BATTERIES BASED ON SUPPORTING SOLUTIONS CONTAINING CHLORIDE
Redox flow battery systems having a supporting solution that contains Cl− ions can exhibit improved performance and characteristics. Furthermore, a supporting solution having mixed SO42− and Cl− ions can provide increased energy density and improved stability and solubility of one or more of the ionic species in the catholyte and/or anolyte. According to one example, a vanadium-based redox flow battery system is characterized by an anolyte having V2+ and V3+ in a supporting solution and a catholyte having V4+ and V5+ in a supporting solution. The supporting solution can contain Cl− ions or a mixture of SO42− and Cl− ions.
Methods and Apparatus for Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification of Biomass
This invention describes changes to the processing system needed for the treatment of contaminated wet organic feedstocks. Solids separation and sulfur removal are the two elements which are addressed in the modifications.
Using One-Way Communications in a Market-Based Resource Allocation System
Disclosed herein are representative embodiments of methods, apparatus, and systems for distributing a resource (such as electricity) using a resource allocation system. In one exemplary embodiment, a plurality of requests for electricity are received from a plurality of end-use consumers. The requests indicate a requested quantity of electricity and a consumer-requested index value indicative of a maximum price a respective end-use consumer will pay for the requested quantity of electricity. A plurality of offers for supplying electricity are received from a plurality of resource suppliers. The offers indicate an offered quantity of electricity and a supplier-requested index value indicative of a minimum price for which a respective supplier will produce the offered quantity of electricity. A dispatched index value is computed at which electricity is to be supplied based at least in part on the consumer-requested index values and the supplier-requested index values.
SEASONAL ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES BASED ON RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES
The present invention reports a method for constructing a temperature activated rechargeable battery and apply the device for seasonal electrical energy storage. The battery consists of a metal anode, a metal cathode, a molten salt electrolyte, and a porous separator (Figure 1). The battery operates at an elevated temperature during charging and discharging, at which the molten salt electrolyte is in a liquid state. During idling, the battery will be kept at ambient temperature, and capacity loss due to self-discharge is minimized by freezing the electrolytes.