This work is supported by the Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research program, under FWP 81832. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is a multiprogram national laboratory operated by Battelle for DOE under contract DE-AC05-76RLO 1830.

This work is supported in part by the DOE Office of Science, Office of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists, under the Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internships Program, by Malio Nelson, Itzel Perez Morales, Octavia Smith, Kyle Brooks, and Juliette Duncan.

A portion of this research was performed on a project award (Enhancing Biopreparedness Through a Model System to Understand the Molecular Mechanisms That Lead to Pathogenesis and Disease Transmission) and a 2025 Exploratory User Award (Unraveling Host–Phage Interaction Heterogeneity at Single-Cell Resolution Using a Small-Genome Model Organism) from the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a DOE Office of Science user facility sponsored by the Biological and Environmental Research program.

An award of computer time was provided by the 2024 Advanced Scientific Computing Research Leadership Computing Challenge (ALCC) program. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, a DOE Office of Science user facility supported under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725; the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, a DOE Office of Science user facility supported under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357; and the National Energy Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science user facility, under award ALCC-ERCAP0034213.

NW-BRaVE is a participant in the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility’s Advanced Computing Ecosystem testbed for the purposes of experimenting with different distributed storage options (including cloud-based, local disk, and Globus-accessible storage) for NW-BRaVE workflows.