Abstract— Demand response (DR) has a great potential to provide balancing services at normal operating conditions and emergency support when a power system is subject to disturbances. Effective control strategies can significantly relieve the balancing burden of conventional generators and reduce investment on generation and transmission expansion. This paper is aimed at modeling electric water heaters (EWH) in households and tests their response to control strategies to implement DR. The open-loop response of EWH to a centralized signal is studied by adjusting temperature settings to provide regulation services; and two types of decentralized controllers are tested to provide frequency support following generator trips. EWH models are included in a simulation platform in DIgSILENT to perform electromechanical simulation, which contains 147 households in a distribution feeder. Simulation results show the dependence of EWH response on water heater usage . These results provide insight suggestions on the need of control strategies to achieve better performance for demand response implementation. Index Terms— Centralized control, decentralized control, demand response, electrical water heater, smart grid
Revised: April 23, 2013 |
Published: July 22, 2012
Citation
Diao R., S. Lu, M.A. Elizondo, E.T. Mayhorn, Y. Zhang, and N.A. Samaan. 2012.Electric Water Heater Modeling and Control Strategies for Demand Response. In Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, July 22-26, 2012, San Diego, California. Piscataway, New Jersey:IEEE.PNNL-SA-82958.doi:10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345632