PNNL

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs), hailed as “clean” technology, promise reduced transport emissions. Nevertheless, their environmental benefits critically depend on the local electricity grid mix. Here, we conduct a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of the four dominant light-duty vehicles (LDVs) categories (ICEVs, HEVs, PHEVs, and BEVs) at both the global scale and across three representative countries with distinct electricity grid mix. By analyzing different environmental indicators (e.g. global warming potential and respiratory effects) and considering related parametric uncertainties, we reveal significant variations in the lifecycle environmental footprints of LDVs across these four regions, underlining that the advantages of EVs are not universally applicable. Our results could support stakeholders in finding the most environmentally friendly vehicle while considering multiple factors, emphasizing tailored approaches over one-size-fits-all solutions in sustainable transportation.