TRANSACTIVE CONTROL AND COORDINATION FRAMEWORK AND ASSOCIATED TOOLKIT FUNCTIONS
"Transactive control and coordination" features market-like mechanisms for the selection of resources and demand-side assets in an electric power grid. Battelle has been developing this technology at its Pacific Northwest National Laboratory since the 1990's and completed an often-cited field pilot demonstrations of one embodiment of the technology in its Gridwise Olymipic Peninsula Project [PNNL 2007]. Battelle presently leads the Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration, an ARRA project that also includes participants from 11 utiltiy sites, the Bonneville Power Administration, and about seven entities that are helping Battelle formulate, implement, and test an embodiment of transactive control and coordination. The new embodiment was found necessary and was influenced by the geographical expanse of the demonstration (a five-state region), the fact that the demonstration operates across grid regulation and business boundaries, the immense diversity of participating resources and loads to be coordinated, and the fact that the embodiment must function at multiple scales (both large areas of the transmission region and at individual devices). The locations on the electric power grid that complete the algorithms of the embodiment are herein called "transactive nodes." This invention report first incorporates the "algorithmic framework," the highest-level algorithmic responsibilities that are to be conducted at a transactive node. A document was drafted by Battelle staff that teaches the algorithmic framework. Two functional blocks within the algorithmic framework allow for the further incorporation of (1) "toolkit resource functions" and (2) 'toolkit load functions." Depending on the unique features extant at a given transactive node (e.g., certain types of generation resources, inelastic electrical loads, other loads that might be responsive to a price-like signal in a demand-responsive way), one or more toolkit functions and their unique functionality may be incorprated. These toolkit functions respectively modify the formulation of the price-like signal by the framework, or modify the amount of load that is to be generated or consumed by assets at this grid location. The functions also advise the control of responsive assets.
REDOX FLOW BATTERIES BASED ON SUPPORTING SOLUTIONS CONTAINING CHLORIDE
Redox flow battery systems having a supporting solution that contains Cl− ions can exhibit improved performance and characteristics. Furthermore, a supporting solution having mixed SO42− and Cl− ions can provide increased energy density and improved stability and solubility of one or more of the ionic species in the catholyte and/or anolyte. According to one example, a vanadium-based redox flow battery system is characterized by an anolyte having V2+ and V3+ in a supporting solution and a catholyte having V4+ and V5+ in a supporting solution. The supporting solution can contain Cl− ions or a mixture of SO42− and Cl− ions.
NA-FECL2 ZEBRA TYPE BATTERY
An energy storage device comprising a cathode comprising: (i) an Fe source; (ii) at least one sulfur species and (iii) NaCl, wherein the mol percent of S is less than 10, based on the total moles of (i), (ii) and (iii).
COORDINATION OF THERMOSTATICALLY CONTROLLED LOADS
Apparatus and methods are disclosed for coordination of a population of Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs) with unknown parameters to achieve group objectives including bidding and market clearing strategies designed to motivate self-interested users to realize efficient energy allocation subject to a peak power constraint. In one examples of the disclosed technology, a method of operating a load includes estimating a set of values for unmeasured parameters of the load's thermal environment based on output measurements of the thermal environment, determining an energy response based on the estimated set of values for the unmeasured parameters, and transmitting a bid for power for a finite time period based on the determined energy response to the coordinator. A clearing price is received from the coordinator responsive to the transmitted bid and power is sent to the load responsive to the received clearing price.
METALLIZATION PATTERN ON SOLID ELECTROLYTE OR POROUS SUPPORT OF SODIUM BATTERY PROCESS
A new battery configuration and process are detailed. The battery cell includes a solid electrolyte configured with an engineered metallization layer that distributes sodium across the surface of the electrolyte extending the active area of the cathode in contact with the anode during operation. The metallization layer enhances performance, efficiency, and capacity of sodium batteries at intermediate temperatures at or below about 200° C.
LITHIUM METAL POUCH CELLS AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME (iEdison No. 0685901-18-0015)
A prototypic Li metal pouch cell with 300 Wh/kg and above has been demonstrated and reported in this disclosure. Through the integration of cell design, fabrication and new electrolyte, a record stable cycling of more than 200 cycles are demonstrated with > 80% capacity retention. This is the first time demonstration of high-energy Li metal cells with long-term stable cycling.
ACTIVE MAGNETIC REGENERATIVE PROCESSS AND SYSTEMS EMPLOYING HYDROGEN AS HEAT TRANSFER FLUID AND PROCESS
A process for liquefying a hydrogen process gas comprising: introducing a hydrogen heat transfer fluid into an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus that comprises (i) a high magnetic field section in which the hydrogen heat transfer fluid flows from a cold side to a hot side through at least one magnetized bed of at least one magnetic refrigerant, (ii) a first no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is demagnetized, (iii) a low magnetic field or demagnetized section in which the hydrogen heat transfer fluid flows from a hot side to a cold side through the demagnetized bed, and (iv) a second no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is magnetized; continuously introducing the hydrogen heat transfer fluid from the cold side of the low magnetic field or demagnetized section into the cold side of the high magnetic field section; continuously diverting a portion of the hydrogen heat transfer fluid flowing from the cold side of the low magnetic field or demagnetized section into an expander; and isenthalpically expanding the diverted portion of the hydrogen heat transfer fluid to produce liquefied hydrogen.
Aggregate Load Controllers and Associated Methods
This invention provide utility-scale direct load control problem where the controlled loads are discrete-time zero-deadbandresidential thermostats that allow utility-dispatched microadjustments to the consumer's setpoint. These new digital thermostats serve as the basis for highly accurate direct load control systems, as well as price-based indirect load control systems. An aggregate load model is described and its fundamental characteristics are derived from first-principles. The aggregate load model is used to design a stable closed-loop load controllers for a discrete-time utility-scale demand response dispatch system. The control system is stable, controllable and observable and can work equally well with direct load control as with price-based indirect load control.