PNNL

Abstract

School buses transport 20 million students annually and are currently undergoing electrification in the US. With Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) technology, electric school buses (ESBs) can supply energy to school buildings during power outages, ensuring continued operation and youth safety. This study proposes assessing the resilience of secondary schools during outages by leveraging ESB fleets as backup power across various US climate regions. The findings indicate that the current fleet of ESBs in representative cities across different climate regions in the US is insufficient to meet power demands of an entire school or even its HVAC system. However, we estimated the number of ESBs required to support a school’s power needs, and we showed that the use of V2B technology significantly reduces carbon emissions compared to backup diesel generators. While adjusting HVAC setpoints and installing solar panels have limited impacts on enhancing school resilience, gathering students in classrooms during outages significantly improved resilience in our case study in Houston, Texas. It is essential for schools to complement ESBs with stationary batteries and other backup power sources or smart management strategies to effectively address prolonged outages. Determining the deployment of direct current fast and Level 2 chargers can reduce infrastructure costs while maintaining the resilience benefits of ESBs.