PNNL

Abstract

The demand for large-scale electrical energy storage (EES) devices has been growing for both improved efficiency and flexibility of the current grid infrastructure and to enable a higher penetration of stochastic renewable sources such like solar and wind onto the grid. Among the most promising technologies for the grid-scale EES are redox flow batteries (RFBs), which are capable of storing a large quantity of electricity (multi-MWs/MWhs) in a relatively simple and straightforward design. There are several RFB technologies, however, the all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has received significant attention because of its excellent electrochemical reversibility, high round-trip efficiency, and negligible cross-contamination between positive and negative electrolytes.