PNNL

Abstract

Identification of crystal nucleation and growth pathways is of fundamental importance for synthesis of functional materials, which requires control over size, orientation, polymorph, and hierarchical structure, often in the presence of additives used to tune the energy landscape defining these pathways. Herein we summarize the recent progress in application of in situ TEM and AFM techniques to monitor or even tune the pathway of crystal nucleation and growth. J.T. acknowledges support for in situ AFM studies from the National Institutes of Health (DK61673). J. J. D.Y. acknowledges support for nucleation theoretical analysis from the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Science and Engineering Division, force measurement theoretical analysis from the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Initiative on Materials Synthesis and Simulation across Scales, at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). M. H. N. acknowledges support for in situ TEM studies from the Lawrence Fellowship at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). PNNL is operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05–76RL01830. LLNL is operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security for the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344.