PNNL

Abstract

In the 19th century, researchers derived the fundamental mathematical laws governing conversion of thermal heat into useful work, and the field of thermodynamics was born. Applying thermodynamic principles increased heat engine efficiency and accelerated the industrial revolution. Today heat storage and transfer still remain central to modern society. More than two-thirds of U.S. primary energy production is rejected to the environment as heat. Reducing these losses represents a unique opportunity to lower energy costs and increase U.S. competitiveness.