Todd Schaef

Subsector Manager, Subsurface Energy Systems

Biography

Todd Schaef is a Chief Scientist with more than 32 years of experience leading DOE funded projects with complex teaming to produce innovative technologies for subsurface energy systems. His recent research advances include field-validation projects and investigations of engineered fluids relevant to next-generation critical mineral extraction technologies. In addition, Schaef has contributed to methane hydrate science and collaborative field studies, which includes teaming with University of Alaska, University of Oklahoma, SLB, and OXY. He mentors students and faculty through the DOE-sponsored Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship and Visiting Faculty Programs. Schaef has led or contributed to more than 150 publications and presentations, has amassed more than 9,200 citations, and holds patents in down hole fluid injection, water purification, and critical mineral mining.

Education

BS in Geology, Texas Tech University, 1985
MS in Geology, Texas Tech University, 1992

Awards and Recognitions

“Best Reviewers from 2007-2011” by International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
Best Paper Award, Green House Gas Technologies Conference (2008)
Frank Kottlowski Memorial Award for “Best Paper,” American Association of Petroleum Geologists Annual Meeting (2004)

Patents

U.S. Patent No. 12,103,866, October 1, 2024, "SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND COMPOSITIONS FOR PURIFYING WATER"
U.S. Patent No. 9,091,156, July 28, 2015, "Downhole Fluid Injection Systems CO2 Sequestration Methods and Hydrocarbon Material Recovery Methods"

Publications

2025

Lahiri N., L. Kovarik, S.D. Taylor, J.V. Crum, E.S. Ilton, C.T. Depp, and Q. Miller, et al. 2025. "Complex carbonate phases drive geologic CO2 mineralization." Communications Earth & Environment 6:Art. No. 344. PNNL-SA-194276. doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02273-6
Villante M.A., and H.T. Schaef. 2025. Voucher Opportunity 5-15: Independent Assessment of Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) Technologies and Practices for Enhanced Rock Weathering (CRADA 718) Abstract. PNNL-37907. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Youzi M., J.L. Stapper, S. Zare, H.T. Schaef, M.E. Bowden, K.M. Rosso, and Q.R. Miller, et al. 2025. "Carbon Mineralization Pathways in Interfacial Adsorbed Water Nanofilms." Communications Earth & Environment 6:Art. No. 478. PNNL-SA-205260. doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02436-5

2024

Bartels M.F., Q. Miller, R. Cao, N. Lahiri, J.E. Holliman, C.H. Stanfield, and H.T. Schaef. 2024. "Parts-Per-Million Carbonate Mineral Quantification with Thermogravimetric Analysis-Mass Spectrometry." Analytical Chemistry 96, no. 11:4385-4393. PNNL-SA-189663. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03936
Battu A., Q. Miller, R. Cao, A.T. Owen, and H.T. Schaef. 2024. "3D Quantification of Pore Networks and Anthropogenic Carbon Mineralization in Stacked Basalt Reservoirs." Environmental Science & Technology 58, no. 8:3747-3754. PNNL-SA-181590. doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c06163
Li X., E.T. Nienhuis-Marcial, A. Nagurney, Q. Miller, X. Zhang, and H.T. Schaef. 2024. "Resolving nanoscale processes during carbon mineralization using identical location transmission electron microscopy." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 11, no. 2:79-88. PNNL-SA-190625. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00699
Cao R., Q. Miller, C.L. Davidson, W. Gallin, S.P. Reidel, Z. Jiao, and F. McLaughlin, et al. 2024. "Gigaton Commercial-Scale Carbon Storage and Mineralization Potential in Stacked Columbia River Basalt Reservoirs." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 137, no. _:Art No. 104206. PNNL-SA-182639. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2024.104206
Morfin A.M., C.H. Stanfield, M.A. Murchland, M.F. Bartels, A. Nagurney, Q. Miller, and H.T. Schaef. 2024. "Structure-Composition Relationships for Mg-Ni and Mg-Fe Olivine." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 8, no. 9:1713-1724. PNNL-SA-194602. doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00044

2023

Bowers G.M., N. Loganathan, J.S. Loring, H.T. Schaef, and A.O. Yazaydin. 2023. "Chemistry and Dynamics of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Methane in the Slit Pores of Layered Silicates." Accounts of Chemical Research 56, no. 13:1862-1871. PNNL-SA-186234. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00188
Cao R., K.A. Muller, Q. Miller, M.D. White, D.H. Bacon, and H.T. Schaef. 2023. "Reactive Transport Modeling of Anthropogenic Carbon Mineralization in Stacked Columbia River Basalt Reservoirs." In Proceedings of the SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, (URTC 2023), June 13-15, 2023, Denver, CO, Paper No. URTEC-3860189-MS. Richardson, Texas:Society of Petroleum Engineers. PNNL-SA-184675. doi:10.15530/urtec-2023-3860189
Lahiri N., Q. Miller, R. Cao, C. Depp, and H.T. Schaef. 2023. "Facile Metal Release from Pore-lining Phases Enables Unique Carbonate Zonation in a Basalt Carbon Mineralization Demonstration." Environmental Science & Technology 57, no. 32:11843-11851. PNNL-SA-182643. doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c02075
Sharma H., L.D. Marinovici, V.A. Adetola, and H.T. Schaef. 2023. "Data-Driven Modeling of Power Generation for a Coal Power Plant Under Cycling." Energy and AI 11. PNNL-SA-171444. doi:10.1016/j.egyai.2022.100214

2022

Depp C.T., Q. Miller, J. Crum, J.A. Horner, and H.T. Schaef. 2022. "Pore-scale Microenvironments Control Anthropogenic Carbon Mineralization Outcomes in Basalt." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 6, no. 12:836-2847. PNNL-SA-173493. doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00165
Holliman J.E., H.T. Schaef, B.P. McGrail, and Q. Miller. 2022. "Review of foundational concepts and emerging directions in metamaterial research: Design, phenomena, and applications." Materials Advances 3, no. 23:8390-8406. PNNL-SA-172432. doi:10.1039/d2ma00497f
Miller Q., and H.T. Schaef. 2022. "Activation Energy of Magnesite (MgCO3) Precipitation: Recent Insights from Olivine Carbonation Studies." Environmental Science: Advances 1, no. 4:426-429. PNNL-SA-174595. doi:10.1039/D2VA00066K
Nune S.K., Q. Miller, H.T. Schaef, T. Jian, M. Song, D. Li, and V. Shutthanandan, et al. 2022. "Transport of Polymer-Coated Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles in Porous Media." Scientific Reports 12. PNNL-SA-158528. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18264-y
Polites E.G., H.T. Schaef, J.A. Horner, A.T. Owen, J.E. Holliman, B.P. McGrail, and Q. Miller. 2022. "Exotic Carbonate Mineralization Recovered from a Deep Basalt Carbon Storage Demonstration." Environmental Science & Technology 56, no. 20:14713-14722. PNNL-SA-172801. doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c03269
Qomi M., Q. Miller, S. Zare, H.T. Schaef, J. Kaszuba, and K.M. Rosso. 2022. "Molecular-Scale Mechanisms of CO2 Mineralization in Nanoscale Interfacial Water Films." Nature Reviews Chemistry 6, no. 9:598-613. PNNL-SA-169144. doi:10.1038/s41570-022-00418-1

2021

Chai Y., Q. Miller, H.T. Schaef, D. Barpaga, R. Bakhshoodeh, M. Bodor, and T. Van Gerven, et al. 2021. "Pressurized in situ x-ray diffraction insights into super/subcritical carbonation reaction pathways of steelmaking slags and constituent silicate minerals." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 171. PNNL-SA-154471. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105191
Loring J.S., O. Qafoku, C.J. Thompson, A.S. Mcneill, M. Vasiliu, D.A. Dixon, and Q. Miller, et al. 2021. "Synergistic Coupling of CO2 and H2O during Expansion of Clays in Supercritical CO2-CH4 Fluid Mixtures." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 16:11192-11203. PNNL-SA-143713. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00275
Sharma H., V.A. Adetola, L.D. Marinovici, and H.T. Schaef. 2021. "DATA DRIVEN APPROACH TO ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF POWER PLANT CYCLING ON AIR PREHEATER DEGRADATION AND REMAINING USEFUL LIFE." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, June 7-11, 2021, Virtual, Online, Volume 9B, Paper No: GT2021-59914, V09BT26A013. New York, New York:ASME. PNNL-SA-158306. doi:10.1115/GT2021-59914

2020

Miller Q., J. Kaszuba, S.N. Kerisit, H.T. Schaef, M.E. Bowden, B.P. McGrail, and K.M. Rosso. 2020. "Emerging Investigator Series: Ion Diffusivities in Nanoconfined Interfacial Water Films Contribute to Mineral Carbonation Thresholds." Environmental Science Nano 7, no. 4:1068-1081. PNNL-SA-149770. doi:10.1039/c9en01382b
Sinnwell M.A., Q. Miller, L. Liu, J. Tao, M.E. Bowden, L. Kovarik, and D. Barpaga, et al. 2020. "Kinetics and Mechanisms of ZnO to ZIF-8 Transformations in Supercritical CO2 Revealed by in situ X-ray Diffraction." ChemSusChem 13, no. 10:2602-2612. PNNL-SA-149718. doi:10.1002/cssc.202000434
Sinnwell M.A., Q. Miller, L. Palys, D. Barpaga, L. Liu, M.E. Bowden, and Y. Han, et al. 2020. "Molecular Intermediate in the Directed Formation of a Zeolitic Metal-Organic Framework." Journal of the American Chemical Society 142, no. 41:17598-17606. PNNL-SA-154537. doi:10.1021/jacs.0c07862
White S.K., F.A. Spane, H.T. Schaef, Q. Miller, M.D. White, J.A. Horner, and B.P. McGrail. 2020. "Quantification of CO2 Mineralization at the Wallula Basalt Pilot Project." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 22:14609-14616. PNNL-SA-151577. doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05142

2019

Miller, QRS, HT Schaef, SK Nune, KW Jung, JA Burghardt, PF Martin, MS Prowant, KM Denslow, CE Strickland, M Prasad, M Pohl, P Jaysaval, BP McGrail. 2019. Geophysical Monitoring with Seismic Metamaterial Contrast Agents. Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC) Proceedings.
Miller, QRS, J Kaszuba, HT Schaef, ME Bowden, BP McGrail, and KM Rosso. 2019. "Anomalously low activation energy of nanoconfined MgCO₃ precipitation." Chemical Communications 55, no. 48:6835-6837.
Bowers, GM, HT Schaef, QRS Miller, ED Walter, SD Burton, DW Hoyt, and JA Horner, et al. 2019. "C¹³ Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Methane and Carbon Dioxide in a Natural Shale." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry3, no. 3:324–328.
Bowers GM, JS Loring, HT Schaef, SS Cunniff, ED Walter, SD Burton, and RK Larsen, et al. 2019. "Chemical Trapping of CO₂ by Clay Minerals at Reservoir Conditions: Two Mechanisms Observed by In Situ High Pressure and Temperature Experiments." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 3, no. 6:1034-1046.
Han, Y, MA Sinnwell, SJ Teat, ML Sushko, ME Bowden, QRS Miller, and HT Schaef, et al. 2019. "Desulfurization Efficiency Preserved in a Heterometallic MOF: Synthesis and Thermodynamically Controlled Phase Transition." Advanced Science 6, no. 7:1802056.
Nune, SK, D Lao, ME Bowden, HT Schaef, VS Vemuri, RK Motkuri, and BP McGrail. 2019. "Investigation of Reactive Intermediates During the Synthesis of Di-n-butylmagnesium." Inorganica Chimica Acta vol 489, pp 150-154.
Miller, QRS, HT Schaef, J Kaszuba, G Gadikota, BP McGrail, and KM Rosso. 2019. "Quantitative Review of Olivine Carbonation Kinetics: Reactivity Trends, Mechanistic Insights, and Research Frontiers." ES&T Letters, 6, 8, pp431-442.
Miller, QRS, DA Dixon, SD Burton, ED Walter, DW Hoyt, AS McNeill, and J Moon, et al. 2019. "Surface-Catalyzed Oxygen Exchange during Mineral Carbonation in Nanoscale Water Films." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123, no. 20:12871-12885.
Liu, J, HT Schaef, PF Martin, BP McGrail, and LS Fifield. 2019. "Understanding H₂Evolution from the Decomposition of Di-butyl Magnesium Isomers Using In-situ X-ray Diffraction Coupled with Mass Spectroscopy." ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2, 7, pp 5272-5278.
Loring, JS, QRS Miller, HT Schaef, CJ Thompson. 2019. “Experimental Studies of Reactivity and Transformations of Rocks and Minerals in Water-Bearing Supercritical CO₂”, in: Newell, P., Ilgen, A.G. (Eds.), Science of Carbon Storage in Deep Saline Formations: Process Coupling Across Time and Spatial Scales, Elsevier.

2018

Miller, QRS, SK Nune, HT Schaef, K Jung, KM Denslow, MS Prowant, and PF Martin, et al. 2018. "Microporous and Flexible Framework Acoustic Metamaterials for Sound Attenuation and Contrast Agent Applications." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 51:44226-44230.
Miller, QRS, ES Ilton, O Qafoku, DA Dixon, M Vasiliu, CJ Thompson, HT Schaef, KM Rosso, JS Loring. 2018. “Water Structure Controls Carbonic Acid Formation in Adsorbed Water Films”. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2018, 9, 17, 4988-4994.
Motkuri RK, VS Vemuri, D Barpaga, HT Schaef, JS Loring, PF Martin, and D Lao, et al. 2018. "An Efficient, Solvent-Free Process for Synthesizing Anhydrous MgCl₂." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 1:1048-1054.
Qafoku, O, ES Ilton, ME Bowden, L Kovarik, X Zhang, RK Kukkadapu, and MH Engelhard, CJ Thompson, H.T. Schaef et. al., 2018. "Synthesis of Nanometer-Sized Fayalite and Magnesium-Iron(II) Mixture Olivines." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 515.
Evans, KA, ZC Kennedy, BW Arey, JF Christ, HT Schaef, SK Nune, and RL Erikson. 2018. "Chemically Active, Porous 3D-Printed Thermoplastic Composites." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 17:15112-15121.
Loganathan, N, GM Bowers, AO Yazaydin, HT Schaef, JS Loring, AG Kalinichev, and RJ Kirkpatrick. 2018. "Clay Swelling in Dry Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Effects of Interlayer Cations on the Structure, Dynamics, and Energetics of CO₂ Intercalation Probed by XRD, NMR, and GCMD Simulations." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 8:4391–4402.
Xiong, W, R Wells, JA Horner, HT Schaef, P Skemer, and DE Giammar. 2018. "CO₂ Mineral Sequestration in Naturally Porous Basalt." ES&T Letters 5, no. 3:142-147.
Bower JK, D Barpaga, S Prodinger, R Krishna, HT Schaef, BP McGrail, and MA Derewinski, et al. 2018. "Dynamic adsorption of CO₂/N₂ on cation-exchanged chabazite SSZ-13: A breakthrough analysis." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 17:14287-14291.
Miller, QRS, HT Schaef, J Kaszuba, L Qiu, ME Bowden, BP McGrail, and QRS Miller. 2018. "Tunable manipulation of mineral carbonation kinetics in nanoscale water films via citrate additives." ES&T 52, no. 12:7138-7148.
Bowers G.M., J.S. Loring, H.T. Schaef, E.D. Walter, S.D. Burton, D.W. Hoyt, and S.S. Cunniff, et al. 2018. "Interaction of Hydrocarbons with Clays under Reservoir Conditions: In Situ Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction for Expandable Clays with Variably Wet Supercritical Methane." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry2, no. 7:640-652.
Miller QRS, ES Ilton, O Qafoku, DA Dixon, M Vasiliu, CJ Thompson, and HT Schaef, et al. 2018. "Water Structure Controls Carbonic Acid Formation in Adsorbed Water Films." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 9.

2017

Loring, JS, DH Bacon, RD Springer, A Anderko, S Gopinath, CM Yonkfonski, CJ Thompson, BP McGrail, KM Rosso, and HT Schaef. 2017. "Water Solubility at Saturation for CO₂-CH₄ Mixtures at 50 °C and 90 bar." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 62, (5), 1608-1614.
McGrail, BP, HT Schaef, FA Spane, JB cliff, O. Qafoku, JA Horner, CJ Thompson, AT Owen, and CE Sullivan. 2017. “Field Validation of Supercritical CO₂ Reactivity with Basalts, ES&T Letters, 4 (1): 6–10.
Childers, MI, MC Endres, CA Burns, BJ Garcia, J Liu, TW Wietsma, and AH Bonneville, J Moore, II Leavy, L Zhong, HT Schaef, et al. 2017. "Novel Highly Dispersible, Thermally Stable Core/Shell Proppants for Geothermal Applications." Geothermics 70.
Schaef, HT, N Loganathan, GM Bowers, RJ Kirkpatrick, AO Yazaydin, SD Burton, and DW Hoyt, et al. 2017. "Tipping Point for Expansion of Layered Aluminosilicates in Weakly Polar Solvents: Supercritical CO₂." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.
De, S, MI Nandasiri, HT Schaef, BP McGrail, SK Nune, J Lutkenhaus. 2017. "Water-based assembly of polymer-metal organic framework (MOF) functional coatings" Advanced Materials Interfaces 4(2): Article No. 1600905.
Schaef, HT, SK Nune, CE Strickland, KW Jung, PF Martin, JS Loring, BP McGrail. 2016. "Injectable Contrast Agents for Enhanced Subsurface Mapping and Monitoring" Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 3764–3770.
McGrail, BP, HT Schaef, FA Spane, JA Horner, AT Owen, JB Cliff, O Qafoku, CJ Thompson, EC Sullivan. 2017. "Wallula Basalt Pilot Demonstration Project: Post-Injection Results and Conclusions" Energy Procedia,114 (2017) 5783–5790.

2016

Bowers, GM, HT Schaef, JS Loring, DW Hoyt, S. D. Burton, E. D. Walter and R. J. Kirkpatrick. 2016. "Role of Cations in CO₂ Adsorption, Dynamics, and Hydration in Smectite Clays under in situ Supercritical CO₂ Conditions." The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(1): 577-592.
Zhang W, D Banerjee, J Liu, HT Schaef, JV Crum, CA Fernandez, RK Kukkadapu, Z Nie, SK Nune, RK Motkuri, KW Chapman, MH Engelhard, JC Hayes, KL Silvers, R Krishna, BP McGrail, J Liu, and PK Thallapally. 2016. "Redox-Active Metal-Organic Composites for Highly Selective Oxygen Separation Applications." Advanced Materials28(18):3572-3577.
Jambovane, SR, SK Nune, RT Kelly, BP McGrail, Z Wang, MI Nandasiri, S Katipamula, CD Trader, HT Schaef. 2016. "Continuous, One-pot Synthesis and Post-Synthetic Modification of NanoMOFs Using Droplet Nanoreactors”, Scientific Reports, 6, 36657.
Nandasiri MI, SR Jambovane, BP McGrail, HT Schaef, and SK Nune. 2016. "Adsorption, Separation, and Catalytic Properties of Densified Metal-Organic Frameworks." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 311:38-52.
Nune SK, D Lao, DJ Heldebrant, J Liu, MJ Olszta, RK Kukkadapu, LM Gordon, MI Nandasiri, GA Whyatt, CK Clayton, DW Gotthold, MH Engelhard, HT Schaef. 2016. "Anomalous Water Expulsion from Carbon-Based Rods at High Humidity." Nature Nanotechnology 11, 791–797.
Nandasiri, MI, SR Jambovane, BP McGrail, HT Schaef, SK Nune. 2016. "Adsorption, Separation, and Catalytic Properties of Densified Metal-Organic Frameworks" Coordination Chemistry Reviews 311():38-52.
Nandasiri, MI, J Liu, BP McGrail, JJ Jenks, HT Schaef, V Shutthanandan, Z Nie, PF Martin, SK Nune. 2016. "Increased Thermal Conductivity in Metal-Organic Heat Carrier Nanofluids" Scientific Reports (6):27805.
Mohamed, MH, SK Elsaidi, T Pham, KA Forrest, HT Schaef, A Hogan, L Wojtas, W Xu, B Space, MJ Zaworotko, PK Thallapally 2016. "Hybrid Ultramicroporous Materials for Selective Xe Adsorption and Separation" Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55, 8285-8289.

2015

Bacon DH, CMR Yonkofski, HT Schaef, MD White, and BP McGrail. 2015. "CO₂ Storage by Sorption on Organic Matter and Clay in Gas Shale." Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources 12:123-133.
Elsaidi SK, MH Mohamed, HT Schaef, A Kumar, M Lusi, T Pham, KA Forrest, B Space, W Xu, GJ Halder, J Liu, PK Thallapally, and MJ Zaworotko. 2015. "Hydrophobic Pillared Square Grids for Selective Removal of CO₂ from Simulated Flue Gas." Chemical Communications 51(85):15530-15533.
Deria, P, DA Gómez-Gualdrón, W Bury, HT Schaef, TC Wang, PK Thallapally, AA Sarjeant, RQ Snurr, JT Hupp, and OK Farha, 2015. “Ultraporous, Water Stable, and Breathing Zirconium-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks with ftw Topology” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 137 (40), pp 13183–13190.
Bacon, DH, CM Ruprecht, HT Schaef, MD White, BP McGrail. 2015. “CO₂ Storage by Adsorption on Organic Matter and Clay in Gas Shale”, Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, V12, pages 123-133.
Schaef, HT, JS Loring, V-A Glezakou, QRS Miller, J Chen, A T Owen, M.-S Lee, E S Ilton, A R Felmy, BP McGrail, and CJ Thompson. 2015. "Competitive sorption of CO₂ and H₂O in 2:1 layer phyllosilicates." Geochimica et cosmochimica Acta, 161: 248-257.
Qafoku, O, DA Dixon, KM Rosso, HT Schaef, ME Bowden, BW Arey and AR Felmy. 2015. "Dynamics of Magnesite Formation at Low Temperature and High pCO₂ in Aqueous Solution." ES&T, 49(17): 10736-10744.
Loring, JS, J Chen, P. Benezeth, O Qafoku, ES Ilton, NM Washton, CJ Thompson, PF Martin, BP McGrail, KM Rosso, HT Schaef. 2015. "Evidence for Carbonate Surface Complexation during Forsterite Carbonation in Wet Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." Langmuir, 31(27): 7533-7543.
Miller, QRS, JP Kaszuba, HT Schaef, ME Bowden, BP McGrail. 2015. Impacts of Organic Ligands on Forsterite Reactivity in Supercritical CO₂ Fluids. ES&T, 49 (7): 4724–4734.

2014

Rose, KK, JE Johnson, ME Torres, WL Hong, L Giosan, E Solomon, M Kastner, T Cawthern, PE Long, Schaef HT. 2014. "Anomalous porosity preservation and preferential accumulation of gas hydrate in the Andaman accretionary wedge, NGHP-01 site 17A" Marine and Petroleum Geology 58(A):99-116.
Loring, JS, ES Ilton, J Chen, CJ Thompson, PF Martin, P Bénézeth, KM Rosso, AR Felmy, and HT Schaef. 2014. "In Situ Study of CO₂ and H₂O Partitioning between Na–Montmorillonite and Variably Wet Supercritical Carbon Dioxide."Langmuir, 30(21): 6120-6128.
Schaef, HT, V-A Glezakou, AT Owen, S Ramprasad, PF Martin, BP McGrail. 2014. “Surface Condensation of CO₂ onto Kaolinite”, ES&T Letters 1, 142-145.
Schaef, HT, JA Horner, AT Owen, CJ Thompson, JS Loring, and BP McGrail. 2014. “Mineralization of Basalts in the CO₂-H₂O-SO₂-O₂ System”, ES&T, 48, 5298-5305.

2013

Schaef, HT, BP McGrail, JL Loring, ME Bowden, BW Arey, and KM Rosso. 2013. "Forsterite [Mg₂SiO₄)] Carbonation in Wet Supercritical CO₂: An in situ High-Pressure X-ray Diffraction Study." ES&T, 174-181.
Miller QRS, CJ Thompson, JS Loring, CF Windisch, Jr, ME Bowden, DW Hoyt, JZ Hu, BW Arey, KM Rosso, and HT Schaef. 2013. "Insights into Silicate Carbonation Processes in Water-Bearing Supercritical CO₂ Fluids." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 15:104-118.
Wang Z, AR Felmy, CJ Thompson, JS Loring, AG Joly, KM Rosso, HT Schaef, and DA Dixon. 2013. "Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Investigation of Water in Supercritical CO₂ and the Effect of CaCl₂." Fluid Phase Equilibria 338:155-163.
Schaef HT, BP McGrail, AT Owen, and BW Arey. 2013. "Mineralization of Basalts in the CO₂-H₂O-H₂S System." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 16:187-196.
Riley, BJ, BR Johnson, HT Schaef, and SK Sundaram. 2013. "Sublimation-Condensation of Multiscale Tellurium Structures." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117(19):10128-10134.
Loring, JS, HT Schaef, CJ Thompson, RVF Turcu, QR Miller, J Chen, JZ Hu, DW Hoyt, PF Martin, ES Ilton, AR Felmy, and KM Rosso. 2013. "Clay hydration/dehydration in dry to water-saturated supercritical CO₂: Implications for caprock integrity." in Energy Procedia, vol 37, 5443-5448.
Schaef, HT, QRS Miller, CJ Thompson, JS Loring, MS Bowden, BW Arey, BP McGrail, KM Rosso. 2013. “Silicate Carbonation in Supercritical CO₂ Containing Dissolved H₂O: an in situ High Pressure X-Ray Diffraction and Infrared Spectroscopy Study” in Energy Procedia, Vol 37, 5892-5896.
Rother, G, ES Ilton, D Wallacher, T Hauss, HT Schaef, O Qafoku, KM Rosso, AR Felmy, EG Krukowski, AG Stack, et al. 2013. "CO₂ Adsorption to Sub-Single Hydration Layer Montmorillonite Clay Studied by Excess Sorption and Neutron Diffraction." ES&T, 47 (1) pp. 205-211.

2012

Glezakou, V-A., BP McGrail, and HT Schaef. 2012. "Molecular interactions of SO₂ with carbonate minerals under co-sequestration conditions: A combined experimental and theoretical study." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 92(0): 265-274.
Ilton, ES, HT Schaef, O Qafoku, KM Rosso and AR Felmy. 2012. "in situ X-ray Diffraction Study of Na⁺ Saturated Montmorillonite Exposed to Variably Wet Super Critical CO₂." ES&T 46(7): 4241-4248.
Loring, JS, HT Schaef, RVF Turcu, CJ Thompson, QRS Miller, PF Martin, J Hu, DW Hoyt, O Qafoku, ES Ilton. 2012. "In Situ Molecular Spectroscopic Evidence for CO₂ Intercalation into Montmorillonite in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." Langmuir 28(18): 7125-7128.
Windisch, CF, Jr, HT Schaef, PF Martin, AT Owen and BP McGrail. 2012. "Following O-18 uptake in scCO₂-H₂O mixtures with Raman spectroscopy." Spectrochimica Acta Part a-Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 94: 186-191.
Felmy, AR, O Qafoku, BW Arey, J Z Hu, M Hu, HT Schaef, ES Ilton, NJ Hess, CI Pearce, J Feng, et al. 2012. "Reaction of water-saturated supercritical CO₂ with forsterite: Evidence for magnesite formation at low temperatures." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 91: 271-282.
Loring, JS, CJ Thompson, C Zhang, Z Wang, HT Schaef, and KM Rosso. 2012. "In Situ Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Brucite Carbonation in Dry to Water-Saturated Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 116(19): 4768-4777.

2011

Schaef, HT, CF Windisch, Jr., BP McGrail, PF Martin and KM Rosso. 2011. "Brucite Mg(OH)₂ carbonation in wet supercritical CO₂: An in situ high pressure X-ray diffraction study." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75(23).
Rai D, M Yui, HT Schaef, and A Kitamura. 2011. "Thermodynamic Model for SnO₂(cr) and SnO₂(am) Solubility in the Aqueous Na+-H+ -OH- -Cl- -H₂O System." Journal of Solution Chemistry 40:1155-1172.
Loring JS, CJ Thompson, Z Wang, AG Joly, DS Sklarew, HT Schaef, ES Ilton, KM Rosso, and AR Felmy. 2011. "In Situ Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Forsterite Carbonation in Wet Supercritical CO₂." Environmental Science & Technology 45(14):6204-6210.
Schaef, H.T., B.P. McGrail and A.T. Owen, 2011. “Basalt Reactivity Variability with Reservoir Depth in Supercritical CO₂and Aqueous Phases”, Energy Procedia, 4:4977-4984.
White MD, BP McGrail, HT Schaef, JZ Hu, DW Hoyt, AR Felmy, KM Rosso, and SK Wurstner. 2011. "Multiphase Sequestration Geochemistry: Model for Mineral Carbonation." Energy Procedia 4:5009-5016.
Windisch, Charles F Jr; Glezakou, Vanda; Martin, Paul (PNNL); McGrail, B Peter; Schaef, Herbert T, 2011. “Transposition of the Fermi Dyad in CO₂ by Labeled Oxygens”, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, (submitted July, 2011).
Schaef, H.T., Ilton, E.S., Qafoku, O., Martin, P.F., Felmy, A.R., and Rosso, K.M., 2011, “In situ XRD Study of Ca²⁺Saturated Montmorillonite (STX-1) Exposed to Anhydrous scCO₂”, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, submitted (submitted June, 2011).

2009

McGrail, BP, HT Schaef, V-A Glezakou, LX Dang, and AT Owen. 2009. “Water Reactivity in the Liquid and Supercritical CO₂Phase: Has Half the Story Been Neglected?” Energy Procedia 1.