Grid Regulation Services for Energy Storage Devices Based on Grid Frequency
The invention represents an algorithm to provide a form of "regulation up and down services" to the electric power grid using an energy storage device. The storage device could be an electric vehicle or a stationary energy storage device like a photovoltaic system. The regulation will allow the storage device to vary its contribution to the power grid between a full discharge (generation) state and full charge (consumption) state. The basis for this regulation will come from frequency measurements of the alternating current (AC) power supply as delivered to the outlet in homes and buildings. The actual amount of load present on the system will be adjusted using this regulation signal and information about any constraints imposed upon the load device (such as a desired finish time or maximum capacity). The invention represents an algorithm to provide a form of regulation up and down services to the electric power grid using any load whose overall operation will not be hindered if the power supplied to the load varies in a charging and discharging sense (i.e., “load” devices such as the charger for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) or other storage device). The regulation will allow the storage device to vary its contribution to the power grid between a full discharge (generation) state and full charge (consumption) state. The basis for this regulation will come from frequency measurements of the alternating current (AC) power supply as delivered to the outlet in homes and buildings. The actual amount of load or generation the end device presents on the system will be adjusted using this regulation signal and information about any constraints imposed upon the load device (such as a desired finish time or maximum capacity).
Grid Regulation Services for Energy Storage Devices Based on Grid Frequency
The invention represents an algorithm to provide a form of "regulation up and down services" to the electric power grid using an energy storage device. The storage device could be an electric vehicle or a stationary energy storage device like a photovoltaic system. The regulation will allow the storage device to vary its contribution to the power grid between a full discharge (generation) state and full charge (consumption) state. The basis for this regulation will come from frequency measurements of the alternating current (AC) power supply as delivered to the outlet in homes and buildings. The actual amount of load present on the system will be adjusted using this regulation signal and information about any constraints imposed upon the load device (such as a desired finish time or maximum capacity). The invention represents an algorithm to provide a form of regulation up and down services to the electric power grid using any load whose overall operation will not be hindered if the power supplied to the load varies in a charging and discharging sense (i.e., “load” devices such as the charger for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) or other storage device). The regulation will allow the storage device to vary its contribution to the power grid between a full discharge (generation) state and full charge (consumption) state. The basis for this regulation will come from frequency measurements of the alternating current (AC) power supply as delivered to the outlet in homes and buildings. The actual amount of load or generation the end device presents on the system will be adjusted using this regulation signal and information about any constraints imposed upon the load device (such as a desired finish time or maximum capacity).
Optimized Cell Configurations for Stable LSCF-based Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
The purpose of this invention is to improve the stability of LSCF-based cathode used for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxides (La(1-x)SrxCoyFe1-yO3-ƒÔ; LSCF) are well-known cathode materials for SOFCs. Although these materials reveal high initial power, they often experience rapid degradation in power. New optimized cell configuration and metallization was designed to improve the stability of the LSCF-based materials. It was found that the full coverage of a metallization layer combined with a thicker and less porous cathode layer helped to improve the stability of high-power LSCF cathode.
Innovative Funding Models for Water-Energy Projects Webinar
A webinar related to water and energy including lessons from the Massachusetts Gap Funding grant program.
PRIME (PNNL cybeR physIcal systemMs tEstbed)
The testbed 'PRIME" is implemented as a typical end-to-end SCADA hierarchy, from the substation to the control center, using a combination of a well-known power system simulator, power system control, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) and industry grade EMS software. Other cyber-physical testbeds have similar modularity. However, they lack flexibility in swapping out the software used for EMS, FEP, and the hardware used for RTU and relays as the computational subsystems and the input/output (I/O) subsystems are tightly coupled and integrated. They tend to be tied to a single vendor. In our approach, the power system simulator and the hardware driver (analog output subsystems to drive HIL) are decoupled and are interconnected through communication protocols as an interface. This provides an additional level of modularity to the architecture creating an interoperable environment where power system simulators and hardware could be interchanged as long as they support streaming of measurements/commands. This allows several commonly used power system simulation software tools (both transmission and distribution system modeling tools) to be used. Hardware could be driven depending on the use cases considered. Proposed relaxation of an otherwise tight restriction greatly reduces the cost and improves flexibility by creating a modular solution. This capability of the PRIME to support Remote HIL (RHIL) is unique to the PRIME. In PRIME, field devices (e.g., protection relays, capacitor controllers) are integrated in the closed control loop and their communication with the EMS is implemented to match the real-world practices. This setup enables interactions among power systems model (simulator), power systems control (EMS) and field devices, and therefore provides an excellent platform to conduct interactive operator training, and for use in studying the impacts of communication impairments and cyber-defense work.
Development of cost performance model for redox flow battery
The software uses electrochemical performance modeling, auxiliary losses such as pumpoing and shunt current losses, a bottom up cost model. Optimization is done with respec to flow rate to get the highest efficiency. Calculations are done at constant power as opposed to constant current. Various stack areas are investigated, with each area corresponding to diffent power density required to meet the power requirement. At a power density corresponding to a fixed stack area, differnt combinations of current density and stack voltage are possible. The current density during discharge at low SOC fixes the upper limit of current density for a fixed stack area. Varying the flow rate and the dimensions of the manifold to each stack and dimensions of the flow channels within each cell determine losses. An effective voltage for each SOC is determined after losses are accounted for. The stack costs are determined by the stack area, while energy costs by the effective voltage. Determining the costs for various stack areas guide the optimization of stack and energy costs. Balance of Plant optimization of pump sizing is done taking into pump costs as function of pumping power and the flow rate effect on electrochemical efficiency and pumping losses. The model optimizes the system for vaious power to energy ratio and various chemistries. The tool developed is also able to do spline interpolation to get polarization curves from input data. The one of a kind tool allows user interaction.
EVALUATING CYBER-RISK IN SYNCROPHASOR SYSTEMS
The invention utilizes modified form of Event Tree Analysis (ETA) technique for developing a semi-quantitative approach for modeling and estimating cyber-risks due to timing intrusions in the power system towards development and experimentation of timing intrusion detection systems in the planning stage. The method is able to capture the vulnerability of the components of the power system to cyber-attacks, and the impact of such attacks on data which is being used as input for various power system applications and controls within utilities.
TRANSFORMATIVE REMEDIAL ACTION SCHEME TOOL (TRAST)
The transformative remedial action scheme tool (TRAST) can be applied to improve and validate the power system remedial action scheme (RAS), and further improve the performance of power system operation and control. This tool provides a full suite of advanced functionalities, which are given as follows: Advanced statistical data analysis; OPF-based automated power flow case generation; Customized dynamic simulation in HPC/cloud platform; Machine learning based RAS coefficient prediction; A reliable RAS validation strategy in multiple commercial platforms.