March 7, 2025
Journal Article
Visibility and annoyance of the phantom array effect varies with age and history of migraine
Abstract
The phantom array effect (PAE) is a series of repeated images that may be perceived when a person moves their eyes in large saccades across a light source (or reflected light) that is modulating in output over time. Fifty-five people, including 25 migraineurs, evaluated the visibility and annoyingness of phantom arrays produced by 85 unique TLM waveforms (including sine, rectangular, complex, and DC waveforms) generated using an LED placed against a black background. Migraineurs exhibited higher average visibility compared to non-migraineurs (p = 0.019) and were relatively more sensitive at higher frequencies (pPublished: March 7, 2025