PNNL

Rob Hetland is an Earth scientist at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory whose research centers on regional Earth system modeling. His focus areas include the physical dynamics of estuarine and coastal circulation and their influence on ecosystems, with topics that include coastal hypoxia, constituent transport, and submesoscale instabilities. He has made significant contributions to the development, evaluation, and application of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), as well as newer models such as the Modeling for Prediction Across Scales - Ocean (MPAS-O) and coupled atmosphere-land-lake systems. His research on the interaction of river plumes with shelf dynamics has been foundational in understanding nutrient transport and hypoxia development in the Gulf of Mexico. During more than two decades at Texas A&M University, Dr. Hetland supervised numerous graduate students and postdoctoral researchers. At PNNL, Dr. Hetland plays a leading role in developing regional Earth system models that integrate coastal ocean, land, lake, and atmospheric processes. He current leads the COMPASS-Great Lakes Modeling project and is the principal investigator for cross-cutting activities in the Integrated Coastal Modeling (ICoM) project.

• Regional Earth system modeling
• Coastal ocean processes and prediction
• High-performance computing
• Modern analysis tools

• PhD in Physical Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
• MS in Oceanography, University of Maine, Orono, ME
• BA in Physics and Mathematics, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN

• Courtesy Faculty Member, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences (2023 – present)
• Joint Appointment/Visiting Scholar, Texas A&M University (2022-Present)

• Fulbright Senior Researcher, The Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Germany (2007-2008)

Google Scholar Page

2025

Hsu, F. H. W., Schlichting, D., Shearman, R. K., Nash, J. D., & Hetland, R. D. (2025). Near Resonance between the Shelf Ocean and Semidiurnal Atmospheric Tidal Winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 55(4), 397-413.

Pringle, W.J., Huang, C., Xue, P., Wang, J., Sargsyan, K., Kayastha, M.B., Chakraborty, T.C., Yang, Z., Qian, Y. and Hetland, R.D., (2025). Coupled lake‐atmosphere‐land physics uncertainties in a Great Lakes regional climate model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 17(2), p.e2024MS004337.

Huang, H., Qian, Y., Bisht, G., Wang, J., Chakraborty, T., Hao, D., Li, J., Thurber, T., Singh, B., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., Xue, P., Sacks, W. J., Coon, E., and Hetland, R.. (2025). WRF-ELM v1.0: a regional climate model to study land–atmosphere interactions over heterogeneous land use regions, Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1427–1443, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1427-2025.

Hetland, R. D., Qu, L., Hinson, K. E. (2025). Frontal Maintenance in Submesoscale Flows. J. Phys, Oceanogr.

2024

Zu, T., Cai, Z., Qu, L., Hetland, R. D., Huang, C., Luo, L., & Wang, D. (2024). Enhanced cross‐shelf exchange by the eddies associated with plume front. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 129(12), e2024JC021160.

Schlichting, D., Hetland, R., & Jones, C. S. (2024). Numerical mixing suppressessubmesoscale baroclinic instabilities oversloping bathymetry. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 16,e2024MS004321. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004321

John, E. B., Balaguru, K., Leung, L. R., Hagos, S. M., & Hetland, R. D. (2024). Observed increase in tropical cyclone‐induced sea surface cooling near the US Southeast Coast. Geophysical Research Letters, 51(14), e2024GL110087.

Yang, Z., Wang, J., Qian, Y., Chakraborty, T. C., Xue, P., Pringle, W. J., ... & Hetland, R. (2024). Summer convective precipitation changes over the Great Lakes region under a warming scenario. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 129(14), e2024JD041011.

Liu, J., Hetland, R., Yang, Z., Wang, T., & Sun, N. (2024). Response of salt intrusion in a tidal estuary to regional climatic forcing. Environmental Research Letters.

Kayastha, M. B., Huang, C., Wang, J., Qian, Y., Yang, Z., Chakraborty, T. C., ... & Xue, P. (2024). How Could Future Climate Conditions Reshape a Devastating Lake‐Effect Snow Storm?. Earth's Future, 12(6), e2024EF004622.

Cao, H., Freilich, M., Song, X., Jing, Z., Fox‐Kemper, B., Qiu, B., Hetland, R., Chai, F., Ruiz, S., & Chen, D. (2024). Isopycnal submesoscale stirring crucially sustaining subsurface chlorophyll maximum in ocean cyclonic eddies. Geophysical Research Letters, 51(4), e2023GL105793.

Deb, M., Benedict, J. J., Sun, N., Yang, Z., Hetland, R. D., Judi, D., & Wang, T. (2024). Estuarine hurricane wind can intensify surge-dominated extreme water level in shallow and converging coastal systems. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 24(7), 2461-2479.

2023

Kayastha, M. B., Huang, C., Wang, J., Pringle, W. J., Chakraborty, T. C., Yang, Z., Hetland, R. D., Qian, Y., & Xue, P. (2023). Insights on Simulating Summer Warming of the Great Lakes: Understanding the Behavior of a Newly Developed Coupled Lake‐Atmosphere Modeling System. JAMES, 15(7), e2023MS003620.

John, E. B., Balaguru, K., Leung, L. R., Foltz, G. R., Hetland, R. D., & Hagos, S. M. (2023). Intensification of Hurricane Sally (2020) over the Mississippi River plume. Weather and Forecasting.

Schlichting, D., Qu, L., Kobashi, D., & Hetland, R. (2023). Quantification of physical and numerical mixing in a coastal ocean model using salinity variance budgets. JAMES, 15(4), e2022MS003380.

Wang, J., Qian, Y., Pringle, W., Chakraborty, T. C., Hetland, R., Yang, Z., & Xue, P. (2023). Contrasting effects of lake breeze and urbanization on heat stress in Chicago metropolitan area. Urban Climate, 48, 101429.

2022

Qu, L., Thomas, L. N., Wienkers, A. F., Hetland, R. D., Kobashi, D., Taylor, J. R., Hsuan, F. , Hsu, W., MacKinnon, J. A., Shearman, R. K,  Nash, J. D. (2022). Rapid vertical exchange at fronts in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Nature Communications, 13(1), 1-11.

Qu, L., Hetland, R. D., & Schlichting, D. (2022). Mixing pathways in simple box models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52(11), 2761-2772.

Qu, L., Thomas, L. N., Hetland, R. D., & Kobashi, D. (2022). Mixing Driven by Critical Reflection of Near-Inertial Waves over the Texas–Louisiana Shelf. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52(11), 2891-2906.

2021

Qu, L., L. N. Thomas, R. D. Hetland (2021) Near-inertial wave critical layers over sloping bathymetry J. Phys. Oceanogr, 51 (6), 1737-1756.

Liang, J. H., Liu, J., Benfield, M., Justic, D., Holstein, D., Liu, B., Hetland, R., Kobashi, D., Dong, C.,& Dong, W. (2021). Including the effects of subsurface currents on buoyant particles in Lagrangian particle tracking models: Model development and its application to the study of riverborne plastics over the Louisiana/Texas shelf. Ocean Modelling, 101879.

Dukhovskoy, D. S., S.L. Morey, E.P. Chassignet, X. Chen, V.J. Coles, L. Cui, C. K. Harris, R. D. Hetland, T. J. Hsu, A.J. Manning, M. Stukel, K. M. Thyng, J. Wang (2021) Development of the CSOMIO coupled ocean-oil-sediment-biology model. Frontiers in Marine Science 8, 194.

2020

Thyng K. M., D Kobashi, V. Ruiz-Xomchuk, L. Qu, X, Chen, RD Hetland (2020) Performance of offline passive tracer advection in the Regional Ocean Modeling System (2021) Geoscientific Model Development 14 (1), 391-407

Ruiz-Xomchuk, V., R. D. Hetland, L. Qu (2021) Small-scale variability of bottom oxygen in the northern Gulf of Mexico, J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 126 (1), e2020JC016279

Kobashi D., R Hetland (2020) Reproducibility and variability of submesoscale frontal eddies on a broad, low-energy shelf of freshwater influence, Ocean Dynamics 70 (11), 1377-1395

Thyng, K. M., R.D. Hetland, S.A. Socolofsky, N. Fernando, E.L. Turner, C. Schoenbaechler (2020) Hurricane Harvey caused unprecedented freshwater inflow to Galveston Bay Estuaries and Coasts 43 (7), 1836-1852

Kealoha, A. K., K.E.F. Shamberger, S.F. DiMarco, K.M. Thyng, R.D. Hetland, D. P. Manzello, N. C. Slowey, I. C. Enochs (2020) Surface Water CO 2 variability in the Gulf of Mexico (1996–2017) Scientific reports 10 (1), 1-13

Qu, L., R.D. Hetland (2020) Nongeostrophic Baroclinic Instability over Sloping Bathymetry: Buoyant Flow Regime J. Phys. Oceangr. 50 (7), 1937-1956

Zhang, W., R.D. Hetland, V. Ruiz-Xomchuk, S.F. DiMarco, H. Wu (2020) Stratification duration and the formation of bottom hypoxia over the Texas-Louisiana shelf, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 238, 106711

Cole, K.L., D.G. MacDonald, G. Kakoulaki, R.D. Hetland (2020) River plume source-front connectivity, Ocean Modelling 150, 101571

Kealoha, A. K., S.M. Doyle, K.E.F. Shamberger, J.B. Sylvan, R.D. Hetland, S. F. DiMarco (2020) Localized hypoxia may have caused coral reef mortality at the Flower Garden Banks, Coral Reefs 39 (1), 119-132.

2019

Qu, L., and Hetland, R. D. (2019). Temporal resolution of wind forcing required for river plume simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 1459–1473.

Zhang, W., Wu, H., Hetland, R. D., and Zhu, Z. (2019). On mechanisms controlling the seasonal hypoxia hot spots off the Changjiang River Estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 8683– 8700.

2018

Chapman, P., DiMarco, S., Hetland, R., and Socolofsky, S. (2018). From Bubbles to Beaches: An Integrated Modeling Approach to Oil Spill Response. Marine Technology Society Journal, 52(6), 91-94.

Thyng, K. M., and Hetland, R. D. (2018). Seasonal and interannual cross-shelf transport over the Texas and Louisiana continental shelf. Cont. Shelf Res., 160, 23-35.

Zhang, W., and Hetland, R. D. (2018). A study of baroclinic instability induced convergence near the bottom using water age simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 123(3), 1962-1977.

Qu, L., Lin, X., Hetland, R. D., and Guo, J. (2018). The Asymmetric Continental Shelf Wave in Response to the Synoptic Wind Burst in a Semienclosed Double-Shelf Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123(1), 131-148.

2017

Hetland, R. D. and Zhang, X. (2017). Interannual variation in stratification over the Texas–Louisiana continental shelf and effects on seasonal hypoxia. In Modeling Coastal Hypoxia, pages 49–60. Springer, Cham.

Rayson, M. D., Gross, E. S., Hetland, R. D., and Fringer, O. B. (2017). Using an isohaline flux analysis to predict the salt content in an unsteady estuary. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47(11):2811–2828.

Rose, K. A., Justic, D., Fennel, K., and Hetland, R. D. (2017). Numerical modeling of hypoxia and its effects: synthesis and going forward. In Modeling Coastal Hypoxia, pages 401–421. Springer, Cham.

Thyng, K. M. and Hetland, R. D. (2017). Texas and Louisiana coastal vulnerability and shelf connectivity. Mar. Poll. Bull., 116(1-2):226–233.

Hetland, R. D. (2017). Suppression of Baroclinic Instabilities in Buoyancy-Driven Flow over Sloping Bathymetry. J. Phys. Oceanog., 47(1):49–68.

2016

Passow, U. and Hetland, R. D. (2016). What Happened to All of the Oil? Oceanography, 29(3):88–95.

Thyng, K. M., Greene, C. A., Hetland, R. D., Zimmerle, H. M., and DiMarco, S. F. (2016). True Colors of Oceanography: Guidelines for Effective and Accurate Colormap Selection. Oceanography, 29(3):9–13. 

Rayson, M. D., Gross, E. S., Hetland, R. D., and Fringer, O. B. (2016). Time scales in Galveston Bay: An unsteady estuary. J. Geophys. Res., 121(4):2268–2285.

Fennel, K., Laurent, A., Hetland, R., Justic, D., Ko, D. S., Lehrter, J., Murrell, M., Wang, L., Yu, L., and Zhang, W. (2016). Effects of model physics on hypoxia simulations for the northern Gulf of Mexico: A model intercomparison. J. Geophys. Res., 121(8):5731–5750.

Cole, K. L. and Hetland, R. D. (2016). The effects of rotation and river discharge on net mixing in small-mouth kelvin number plumes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46(5):1421–1436, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-0271.1

Xu, K., R. C. Mickey, Q. Chen, C. K. Harris, R. D. Hetland, K. Hu, J. Wang (2016) Shelf sediment transport during hurricanes Katrina and Rita, Computers & Geosciences, 90:24–39 doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2015.10.009

2015

Zhang, W., R. D. Hetland, S. F. DiMarco, and K. Fennel (2015), Processes controlling mid-water column oxygen minima over the Texas-Louisiana shelf, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 2800–2812, doi:10.1002/2014JC010568.

Henrichs, D. W., RD Hetland, L Campbell, (2015) Identifying bloom origins of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis in the western Gulf of Mexico using a spatially explicit individual-based model, Ecological Modelling 313, 251-258

Horner-Devine, A. R., R. D. Hetland, D. G. MacDonald (2015) Mixing and Transport in Coastal River Plumes, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 47(1).

2014

Rong, Z, X. Zhang, and R. D. Hetland (2014) Current-wave interaction in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River plume on the Texas-Louisiana shelf, Ocean Modelling, 84, 67-83

Zhang, Z., R. D. Hetland, and X. Zhang (2014) Wind-modulated buoyancy circulation over the Texas-Louisiana shelf, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1002/2013JC009763.

Thyng, K. M. and R. D. Hetland, TracPy: Wrapping the Fortran Lagrangian trajectory model TRACMASS, Proceedings of the 13th Python in Science Conference (SciPy 2014).

Feng, Y., K. Fennel, G. A. Jackson, S. F. DiMarco, R. D. Hetland (2014) A model study of the response of hypoxia to upwelling-favorable wind on the northern Gulf of Mexico shelf. J. Mar. Sys., 131, 63-73, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.11.009.

2013

Thyng, K., R. D. Hetland, M. T. Ogle, X. Zhang, F. Chen, L. Campbel (2013) Origins of Karenia brevis harmful algal blooms along the Texas coast, Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments, 3:269–278, doi:10.1215/21573689-2417719.

Hofmeister, R., Bolding, K., Hetland, R. D., Schernewski, G., Siegel, H., and Burchard, H. (2013). The dynamics of cooling water discharge in a shallow, non-tidal embayment. Cont. Shelf Res., 71:68-77.

Marta-Almeida, M., M. Ruiz-Villarreal, J. Pereira, P. Otero, M. Cirano, X. Zhang, and R. D. Hetland (2013) Efficient tools for marine operational forecast and oil spill tracking, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 71(1-2), 139-151.

Marta-Almeida, M., R. D. Hetland, and X. Zhang (2013) Evaluation of model nesting performance on the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 118, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20163.

2012

Laurent, A., K. Fennel, J. Hu, and R. D. Hetland (2012) Simulating the effects of phosphorus limitation in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River plumes, Biogeosciences, 9, 4707-4723, doi:10.5194/bg-9-4707-2012

Zhang, Z. and R. D. Hetland (2012) A Numerical study of convergence of alongshore flows over the Texas-Louisiana Shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 117:C11010, doi:10.1029/2012JC008145.

Zhang, X, R. D. Hetland, M. Marta-Almeida, and S. F. DiMarco (2012) A numerical investigation of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya freshwater transport, filling and flushing times on the Texas-Louisiana Shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 117:C11009, doi:10.1029/2012JC008108.

Zhang, X., M. Marta-Almeida, and R. D. Hetland (2012) A high-resolution pre-operational forecast model of circulation on the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf and slope, J. Operational Oceanogr., 5(1), 19-34.

Hetland, R. D. and S. F. DiMarco (2012) Skill assessment of a hydrodynamic model of circulation over the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf, Ocean Modelling, 43-44, 64-76, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.11.009

2011

Bianchi, T. S., R. L. Cook, E. M Perdue, P. E. Kolic, N. Green, Y. L. Zhang, R. W. Smith, A. S. Kolker, A. Ameen, G. King, L. M. Ojwang, C. L. Schneider, A. E. Normand, R. D. Hetland (2011) Impacts of diverted freshwater on dissolved organic matter and microbial communities in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, USA, Marine Environmental Research, 72(5), 248-257, doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.007

Fennel, K, R. Hetland, Y. Feng, and S. DiMarco (2011) A coupled physical-biological model of the Northern Gulf of Mexico shelf: model description, validation and analysis of phytoplankton variability Biogeosciences, 8, 1881-1899, doi:10.5194/bg-8-1881-2011 Biogeosciences Discuss., 8, 121-156, doi:10.5194/bgd-8-121-2011

Forrest, D. R, R. D. Hetland, S. F. DiMarco (2011), Multivariate statistical regression models of the areal extent of hypoxia over the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf, Env. Res. Letters., 6, 10pp, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045002

Xu, K., C. K. Harris, R. D. Hetland, J. M. Kaihatu (2011) Dispersal of Mississippi and Atchafalaya Sediment on the Texas-Louisiana Shelf: Model Estimates for the Year 1993, Cont. Shelf Res., 31(15), 1558-1575, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2011.05.008

Burchard, H, R. D. Hetland, E. Schulz, H. M. Schuttelaars (2011), Drivers of residual estuarine circulation in tidally energetic estuaries: Straight and irrotational channels with parabolic cross-section, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41(3), 548-570, doi: 10.1175/2010JPO4453.1

2010

Bianchi T. S., S. F. DiMarco, J. H. Cowan Jr., R.D. Hetland, P. Chapman, J.W. Day, M.A. Allison, (2010), Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Connecting Science with Policy, EOS Forum, 91(19), 173-174.

Burchard, H. and Hetland, R. D. (2010), Quantifying the contributions of tidal straining and gravitational circulation to residual circulation in periodically stratified tidal estuaries, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40(6), 1243-1262, doi:10.1175/2010JPO4270.1

Bianchi T. S., S. F. DiMarco, J. H. Cowan Jr., R. D. Hetland, P. Chapman, J.W. Day, M.A. Allison, (2010) The science of hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: A review, Sci. Total Environ., doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.-2009.11.047

Hetland, R. D. (2010), Estuarine Overmixing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 199-211, doi:10.1175/2009JPO4247.1.

Zhang, X., D. C. Smith, S. F. DiMarco, and R. D. Hetland (2010), A Numerical Study of Sea-Breeze-Driven Ocean Poincare Wave Propagation and Mixing near the Critical Latitude, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 48-66, doi:10.1175/2009JPO4216.1

DiMarco, S. F., P. Chapman, N. Walker, and R. D. Hetland (2010) Does local topography control hypoxia on the eastern Texas–Louisiana shelf? J. Mar. Sys. 80, 25-35, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.08.005.

Hetland, R. D. (2010), The effects of mixing and spreading on density in near-field river plumes. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 49(1), 37-53, doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.11.003.

2009 - 1998

Chen, F, D. G. MacDonald, and R. D. Hetland (2009) Lateral spreading of a near-field river plume: Observations and numerical simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C07013, doi:10.1029/2008JC004893.

Zhang, X., S. F. DiMarco, D. C. Smith, IV, M. K. Howard, A. E. Jochens, and R. D. Hetland (2009) Near-resonant ocean response to sea breeze on a stratified continental shelf. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39(9), 2137–2155.

Fischer, E., H. Burchard, and R. D. Hetland (2009), Numerical investigations of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in the Rhine region of freshwater influence. Ocean Dynamics, 59(5), 629-641, doi:10.1007/s10236-009-0187-4.

Hetland, R. D., and D. G. MacDonald (2008) Spreading in the near-field Merrimack River plume, Ocean Modelling, 21, 12-21, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.11.001.

Bianchi, T. S., Dimarco, S. F., Allison, M. A., Chapman, P., Cowan J. H., Hetland, R. D., Morse, J. W. Rowe, G. (2008) Controlling Hypoxia on the U.S. Louisiana Shelf: Beyond the Nutrient-Centric View, EOS, 89(26), 236-237.

Hetland, R. D. and S. F. DiMarco, (2008) How does the character of oxygen demand control the structure of hypoxia on the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf? J. Mar. Syst., 70, 49-62, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.03.002.

Justic, D., V. J. Bierman, D. Scavia, and R. D. Hetland (2007) Forecasting Gulf’s Hypoxia: The Next 50 Years? Estuaries and Coasts 30(5), 791-801.

Hetland, R. D. and L. Campbell, (2007) Convergent blooms of Karenia brevis along the Texas coast, Geophys. Res. Letters, 34, L19604, doi:10.1029/2007GL030474.

MacDonald, D. G, L. Goodman and R. D. Hetland, (2007) Turbulent dissipation in a near field river plume: A comparison of control volume and microstructure observations with a numerical model.J. Geophys. Res., , 112, C07026, doi:10.1029/2006JC004075.

Bender, L. C., N. L. Guinasso, Jr., J. N. Walpert, L. L. Lee III, R. D. Martin, R. D. Hetland, S. K. Baum, And M. K. Howard, (2007) Development, Operation, and Results From the Texas Automated Buoy System, Gulf of Mexico Science 2007(1), 33-60.

Hetland, R. D., (2006) Event-driven model skill assessment, Ocean Modelling, 11, 214-223.

Hetland, R. D. and R. P. Signell, (2005) Modeling Coastal Current Transport in the Gulf of Maine, Deep Sea Res. II, 52, 2430-2449.

Hetland, R. D., (2005) Relating river plume structure to vertical mixing, J. Phys. Oceanogr 35(9), 1667-1688.

Hetland, R. D. and W. R. Geyer, (2004) An Idealized Study of the Structure of Long, Partially Mixed Estuaries, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34(12), 2677-2691.

Hetland, R. D., D. J. McGillicuddy and R. P. Signell, (2002) Cross-frontal entrainment of plankton into a buoyant plume: the frog tongue mechanism, J. Mar. Res., 60, 763-777.

McGillicuddy, D. J., R. P. Signell, C. A. Stock, B. A. Keafer, M. D. Keller, R. D. Hetland, D. M. Anderson, (2002) A mechanism for offshore initiation of harmful algal blooms in the coastal Gulf of Maine J. Plankton Res., 25(9), 1131-1138.

MacCready, P. M., R. D. Hetland, W. R. Geyer, (2002) Long-Term Isohaline Salt Balance in an Estuary. Cont. Shelf Res., 22, 1591-1601.

Hetland, R. D., Y. Hsueh and D. Yuan (2001), On the decay of a baroclinic jet flowing along a continental slope, J. Geophys. Res., 106(C9), 19,797-19,807.

Hetland, R. D., Y. Hsueh, R. R. Leben, and P. P. Niiler (1999), A Loop Current-Induced Jet Along the Edge of the West Florida Shelf, Geophys. Res. Letters, 26(15), 2239-2242.

Pettigrew, N. R., D. W. Townsend, H. Xue, J. P. Wallinga, P. J. Brickley and R. D. Hetland (1998), Observations of the Eastern Maine Coastal Current and its Offshore Extensions, J. Geophys. Res., 103(C13), 30,623-30,639. 

Reports:

• Burchard, H., G. Schernewski, O. Bittner, K. Bolding, M. Gerth,R. Hetland, R. Hofmeister, S. Maack, T. Neumann, H. Siegel, P. Springer, and I. Stottmeister, Physikalische und  ökologische Auswirkungen einer Kühlwasserausbreitung im Greifswalder Bodden - Endbericht, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany, 145pp., 2008.

• Hetland, R.D, Fennel, K, Harris, C., Kaihatu, J., Xu, K. and DiMarco, S. 2011. Integrated bio-physical modeling of Louisiana-Texas (LATEX) Shelf. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA. OCS Study BOEMRE.

Books (Editor)

• Justic, D., Rose, K. A., Hetland, R. D., and Fennel, K. (editors, 2017). Modeling coastal hypoxia: Numerical simulations of patterns, controls and effects of dissolved oxygen dynamics. Springer.

Book Chapters: 

• Hetland, R. D. (2022). Spreading and Mixing in Near-Field River Plumes. In The Mathematics of Marine Modelling (pp. 197-211). Springer, Cham.

• Hetland, R. D., and Hsu, T.-J. (2013) Freshwater and sediment dispersal of large river plumes, in Biogeochemical Dynamics at Large River-Coastal Interfaces: Linkages with Global Climate Change, Editors: Thomas S. Bianchi, Mead A. Allison, and Wei-Jun Cai, Cambridge University Press, p55-85.