ABSTRACT Remediation of contamination in the deep vadose zone is complicated by heterogeneous contaminant distribution and the difficulty of accessing the contaminant zone and delivering amendments. It is difficult to predict future contaminant movement with sufficient certainty for regulatory decisions, when contamination is left in place. This paper reviews major processes viable for deep vadose zone remediation. Chemical delivery technologies and hybrids combining several remediation mechanisms are considered valuable areas for research and development.
Revised: January 9, 2012 |
Published: May 13, 2011
Citation
Dresel P.E., D.M. Wellman, K.J. Cantrell, and M.J. Truex. 2011.Review: Technical and Policy Challenges in Deep Vadose Zone Remediation of Metals and Radionuclides.Environmental Science & Technology 45, no. 10:4207-4216.PNNL-SA-71305.doi:10.1021/es101211t