PNNL

Abstract

Pristine Li-rich layered cathodes, such as Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 and Li1.2Ni0.1Mn0.525Co0.175O2, were identified to exist in two different structures: LiMO2 R-3m and Li2MO3 C2/m phases. Upon charge/discharge cycling, both phases gradually transform to the spinel structure. The transition from LiMO2 R-3m to spinel is accomplished through the migration of transition metal ions to the Li site without breaking down the lattice, leading to the formation of mosaic structured spinel grains within the parent particle. In contrast, transition from Li2MO3 C2/m to spinel involves removal of Li+ and O2-, which produces a large lattice strain and leads to the breakdown of the parent lattice and therefore the newly formed spinel grains show random orientation within the same particle. Cracks and pores were also noticed within some particles, which is believed to be the consequence of the breakdown of the lattice and vacancy condensation upon removal of lithium ions. The presently observed structure transition characteristics provide direct reasons for the observed gradual capacity loss and poor rate performance of the layered composite. Ultimately it also provides clues about how to improve the materials structure with potential improved performance.