PNNL

Abstract

Electrolyte anions are pivotal for lithium battery performance, yet their fundamental electronic structural properties are not well understood. In this work, we employ a combination of negative-ion photoelectron spectroscopy (NIPES), ab initio calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the electronic structures of three representative electrolyte anions. This multi-scale approach enables us to elucidate how their intrinsic electronic properties govern anion–solvent interactions in gas-phase clusters, as well as lithium-ion (Li?) solvation structures and ion transport behavior in the condensed phase. NIPES reveals that difluoro(oxalato)borate (DFOB?), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI?), and bis(oxalato)borate (BOB?) all exhibit high electron binding energies, with vertical/adiabatic detachment energies increasing from DFOB? (6.09/5.70 eV) to FSI? (6.80/6.10 eV) to BOB? (6.82/6.40 eV), correlating with enhanced oxidation stability. Ab initio calculations reveal that DFOB?/FSI?–solvent complexes bind Li? ~10 kcal/mol stronger than BOB? series, aligning with strength of Li–anion model. DFOB? exhibits pronounced charge localization on both oxygen and fluorine atoms, enabling their involvement in Li? coordination. In contrast, fluorine atoms in FSI? are largely electron-depleted and remain excluded from direct Li? binding. MD simulations further demonstrate that LiDFOB and LiFSI systems exhibit Li? diffusion coefficients three and five times higher than LiBOB across four common solvents. Notably, LiFSI salt in acetonitrile (AN) exhibits the fastest Li? diffusion among twelve electrolyte system, highlighting the synergistic effect of FSI? and AN in promoting ion mobility. These findings provide a molecular-level understanding of the critical roles of anion and its micro-solvation in optimizing Li? diffusion dynamics, once again emphasizing the positioning FSI? and DFOB? as prime candidates for next-generation electrolytes.