Staff information

Scott A. Chambers

Materials Sciences
Materials Scientist
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
PO Box 999
MSIN: J7-10
Richland, WA 99352
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Biography

Dr. Chambers is a Laboratory Fellow and the Technical Group Leader for the PNNL Oxide Epitaxy Group. He has focused on the controlled film growth and properties of model materials and heterostructures throughout his career. His interests have ranged from metals to conventional Group IV and Group III-V semiconductors to simple and complex oxides. His current interests focus on the deposition and properties of complex metal oxide films and heterostructures. Such materials are of significant interest in a variety of scientific and technological arenas, including oxide electronics, spintronics, and photocatalysis. Of specific interest is modification of electronic, magnetic, optical, and photochemical properties by controlled doping and solid solution formation, with an eye toward novel behavior that could give rise to new and useful technologies based on oxides. His film deposition methods of choice are molecular beam epitaxy and off-axis pulsed laser deposition, assisted by activated oxygen from an oxygen plasma generator or ozone. He brings a variety of in situ and ex situ characterization methods to bear on the these materials, including high-resolution x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering, scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, atom probe tomography and scanning probe microscopy. He also incorporates a strong theoretical modeling component by collaborating with Dr. Peter Sushko of PNNL.

Before joining Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Dr. Chambers was a staff scientist at the Boeing High Technology Center in Seattle. In that role, he conducted research in the epitaxial growth of intermetallic compounds on III-V compound semiconductors, in support of the development of advanced digital and analog devices for aerospace electronics applications. Prior to that he was Associate and Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Bethel University and George Fox University, respectively.

Research Interests

Magnetoelectronic properties of double perovskite epitaxial films such as La2MnNiO6(001)
Photoelectrochemical properties of model corundum and perovskite superlattices and pn junctions
Electronic, optical and surface photochemical properties of CrxFe3-xO4(001) epitaxial films

Education and Credentials

A.B. in Chemistry, University of California at San Diego
Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry, Oregon State University

Affiliations and Professional Service

American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Physical Society
American Vacuum Society
Materials Research Society
Sigma Xi
University of Washington: Affiliate Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Affiliate Professor of Chemistry
Member of external advisory boards and international program committees

Awards and Recognitions

Winner of the prestigious Medard W. Welch Award of the American Vacuum Society (2019)
Fellow of the American Physical Society (2015)
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2009)
Fellow of the American Vacuum Society (1996)
Named PNNL EMSL Wiley Research Fellow (2009)
E.W. Mueller Award in 2004 for outstanding achievements in surface science from the Laboratory for Surface Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Federal Laboratory Consortium Excellence in Technology Transfer Award in 2002 for "Molecular Beam Epitaxy Semiconductor Wafer Development"

PNNL Publications

2023

Adiga P.P., L. Wang, C. Wong, B.E. Matthews, M.E. Bowden, S.R. Spurgeon, and G.E. Sterbinsky, et al. 2023. "Correlation between oxygen evolution reaction activity and surface compositional evolution in epitaxial La0.5Sr0.5Ni1-xFexO3-d thin films." Nanoscale 15, no. 3:1119-1127. PNNL-SA-178044. doi:10.1039/D2NR05373J

2022

Chambers S.A., D. Lee, Z. Yang, Y. Huang, W. Samarakoon, H. Zhou, and P.V. Sushko, et al. 2022. "Probing electronic dead layers in homoepitaxial n-SrTiO3(001) films." APL Materials 10, no. 7:Art. No. 070903. PNNL-SA-172880. doi:10.1063/5.0098500
Chambers S.A., M. Chrysler, J. Ngai, T. Lee, J. Gabel, B.E. Matthews, and S.R. Spurgeon, et al. 2022. "Mapping hidden space-charge distributions across crystalline metal oxide/group IV semiconductor interfaces." Physical Review Materials 6, no. 1:Art. No. 015002. PNNL-SA-166057. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.6.015002
Gao H., C. Ding, J. Son, Y. Zhu, M. Wang, Z. Yu, and J. Chen, et al. 2022. "Ultra-flat and long-lived plasmons in a strongly correlated oxide." Nature Communications 13, no. 1:Art. No. 4662. PNNL-SA-170103. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32359-0
Liu F., T. Truttmann, D. Lee, B.E. Matthews, I. Laraib, A. Janotti, and S.R. Spurgeon, et al. 2022. "Hybrid Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Germanium-based Oxides." Communications Materials 3, no. 1:Art. No. 69. PNNL-SA-171432. doi:10.1038/s43246-022-00290-y
Samarakoon W.S., P.V. Sushko, D. Lee, B. Jalan, H. Zhou, Y. Du, and Z. Feng, et al. 2022. "Transient electron scavengers modulate carrier density at a polar/nonpolar perovskite oxide heterojunction." Physical Review Materials 6, no. 10:Art. No. 103405. PNNL-SA-178119. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.6.103405
Wang L., M. Hossain, Y. Du, and S.A. Chambers. 2022. "Exploring the potential of high entropy perovskite oxides as catalysts for water oxidation." Nano Today 47. PNNL-SA-178028. doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101697
Yang Z., D. Lee, J. Yue, J. Gabel, T. Lee, R. James, and S.A. Chambers, et al. 2022. "Epitaxial SrTiO3 Films with Dielectric Constants Exceeding 25,000." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 119, no. 23:Art. No. e2202189119. PNNL-SA-169640. doi:10.1073/pnas.2202189119
Yoon H., T. Truttmann, F. Liu, B.E. Matthews, S. Choo, Q. Su, and V. Saraswat, et al. 2022. "Freestanding Epitaxial SrTiO3 Nanomembranes via Remote Epitaxy using Hybrid Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Science Advances 8, no. 51:Art. No. eadd5328. PNNL-SA-173465. doi:10.1126/sciadv.add5328

2021

Chrysler M., J. Gabel, T. Lee, A. Penn, B.E. Matthews, D.M. Kepaptsoglou, and Q. Ramasse, et al. 2021. "Tuning band alignment at a semiconductor-crystalline oxide heterojunction via electrostatic modulation of the interfacial dipole." Physical Review Materials 5, no. 10:104603. PNNL-SA-163062. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.104603
Kaspar T.C., S.R. Spurgeon, B.E. Matthews, M.E. Bowden, S.M. Heald, L. Wang, and R. Kelley, et al. 2021. "Incorporation of Ti in epitaxial Fe2TiO4 thin films." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 33, no. 31:Article No. 314004. PNNL-SA-160885. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/ac0571
Rose M., B. Smid, M. Vorokhta, I. Slipukhina, M. Andrae, H. Bluhm, and T. Duchon, et al. 2021. "Identifying ionic and electronic charge transfer at oxide heterointerfaces." Advanced Materials 33, no. 4:2004132. PNNL-SA-152968. doi:10.1002/adma.202004132
Wang L., P.P. Adiga, J. Zhao, W.S. Samarakoon, K.A. Stoerzinger, S.R. Spurgeon, and B.E. Matthews, et al. 2021. "Understanding the Electronic Structure Evolution of Epitaxial LaNi1-xFexO3 Thin Films for Water Oxidation." Nano Letters 21, no. 19:8324-8331. PNNL-SA-163586. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02901
Wang L., Y. Du, and S.A. Chambers. 2021. "Determining valence band offsets in heterojunctions using a single core-level x-ray photoelectron spectrum." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: International Journal Devoted to Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 39, no. 4:043208. PNNL-SA-161733. doi:10.1116/6.0001103

2020

Chambers S.A., and Y. Du. 2020. "Experimental determination of electron attenuation lengths in complex materials by means of epitaxial film growth: advantages and challenges." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: International Journal Devoted to Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 38, no. 4:Article No. 043409. PNNL-SA-152970. doi:10.1116/6.0000291
Chambers S.A., L. Wang, and D.R. Baer. 2020. "Introductory Guide to the Application of XPS to Epitaxial Films and Heterostructures." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: International Journal Devoted to Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 36, no. 6:Article No. 061201. PNNL-SA-154604. doi:10.1116/6.0000465
Liu J., E. Jia, K.A. Stoerzinger, L. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Yang, and D. Shen, et al. 2020. "Dynamic Lattice Oxygen Participation on Perovskite LaNiO3 During Oxygen Evolution Reaction." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124, no. 28:15386-15390. PNNL-SA-152668. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c04808
Pan L., A. Grutter, P. Zhang, X. Che, T. Nozaki, A. Stern, and M. Street, et al. 2020. "Observation of Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect and Exchange Interaction in Topological Insulator/Antiferromagnet Heterostructure." Advanced Materials 32, no. 34:2001460. PNNL-SA-162039. doi:10.1002/adma.202001460
Scafetta M., T.C. Kaspar, M.E. Bowden, S.R. Spurgeon, B.E. Matthews, and S.A. Chambers. 2020. "Reversible Oxidation Quantified by Optical Properties in Epitaxial Fe2CrO4+d Films on (001) MgAl2O4." ACS Omega 5, no. 7:3240-3249. PNNL-SA-143728. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b03299
Sushko P.V., and S.A. Chambers. 2020. "Extracting band edge profiles at semiconductor heterostructures from hard-x-ray core-level photoelectron spectra." Scientific Reports 10. PNNL-SA-145389. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69658-9
Wang L., Z. Yang, M.E. Bowden, J.W. Freeland, P.V. Sushko, S.R. Spurgeon, and B.E. Matthews, et al. 2020. "Hole-Trapping-Induced Stabilization of Ni4+ in SrNiO3/ LaFeO3 Superlattices." Advanced Materials 32, no. 45:2005003. PNNL-SA-152538. doi:10.1002/adma.202005003
Wu M., S. Chen, C. Huang, X. Ye, H. Zhou, X. Huang, and K.H. Zhang, et al. 2020. "Modulation of the electronic states of perovskite SrCrO3 thin films through protonation via low-energy hydrogen plasma implantation approaches." Frontiers in Physics 15, no. 1:Article Number 13601. PNNL-SA-147370. doi:10.1007/s11467-019-0923-2

2019

Bagus P.S., C.J. Nelin, C.R. Brundle, and S.A. Chambers. 2019. "A New Mechanism For XPS Line Broadening: The 2p-XPS of Ti(IV)." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123, no. 13:7705-7716. PNNL-SA-135550. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05576
Chambers S.A., and P.V. Sushko. 2019. "Influence of crystalline order and defects on the absolute work functions and electron affinities of TiO2- and SrO-terminated n-SrTiO3(001)." Physical Review Materials 3, no. 12:125803. PNNL-SA-148767. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.125803
Chambers S.A., and P.V. Sushko. 2019. "Probing energy landscapes in multilayer heterostructures: Challenges and opportunities." APL Materials 7, no. 11:Article No. 110904. PNNL-SA-149827. doi:10.1063/1.5129155
Chang L., L. Wang, L. You, Z. Yang, A. Abdelsamie, Q. Zhang, and Y. Zhou, et al. 2019. "Tuning Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Nickelates Heterostructures by Changing the A-Site Rare-Earth Element." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 17:16191-16197. PNNL-SA-140637. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b01851
Kaspar T.C., P.V. Sushko, S.R. Spurgeon, M.E. Bowden, D.J. Keavney, R.B. Comes, and S. Saremi, et al. 2019. "Electronic structure and band alignment of LaMnO3 / SrTiO3 polar / non-polar heterojunctions." Advanced Materials Interfaces 6, no. 1:1801428. PNNL-SA-137669. doi:10.1002/admi.201801428
Lim Z., N. Quackenbush, A. Penn, M. Chrysler, M.E. Bowden, Z. Zhu, and J. Ablett, et al. 2019. "Charge Transfer and Built-in Electric Fields between a Crystalline Oxide and Silicon." Physical Review Letters 123, no. 2:Article No.026805. PNNL-SA-138000. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.026805
Lim Z., N. Quackenbush, A. Penn, M. Chrysler, M.E. Bowden, Z. Zhu, and J. Ablett, et al. 2019. "Charge Transfer and Built-in Electric Fields Between a Crystalline Oxide and Silicon." Physical Review Letters 123, no. 2:Article Number 026805. PNNL-SA-144010. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.026805
Liu J., E. Jia, L. Wang, K.A. Stoerzinger, D. Zhou, C. Tang, and X. Yin, et al. 2019. "Tuning the Electronic Structure of LaNiO3 through Alloying with Strontium to Enhance Oxygen Evolution Activity." Advanced Science 6, no. 19:Article No: 1901073. PNNL-SA-141734. doi:10.1002/advs.201901073
Scafetta M., Z. Yang, S.R. Spurgeon, M.E. Bowden, T.C. Kaspar, S.M. Heald, and S.A. Chambers. 2019. "Epitaxial growth and atomic arrangement in Fe2CrO4 on crystal symmetry matched (001) MgAl2O4." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: International Journal Devoted to Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 37, no. 3:Article number 031511. PNNL-SA-141354. doi:10.1116/1.5093537
Wang L., K.A. Stoerzinger, L. Chang, X. Yin, Y. Li, C. Tang, and E. Jia, et al. 2019. "Strain Effect on Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity of Epitaxial NdNiO3 Thin Films." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 13:12941-12947. PNNL-SA-139978. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b21301
Wang L., Y. Du, L. Chang, K.A. Stoerzinger, M.E. Bowden, J. Wang, and S.A. Chambers. 2019. "Erratum: "Band alignment and electrocatalytic activity at the p-n La0.88Sr0.12FeO3/SrTiO3(001) heterojunction" [Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 261601 (2018)]." Applied Physics Letters 114, no. 11:Article No. 119901. PNNL-SA-143811. doi:10.1063/1.5094172
Wang L., Y. Du, P.V. Sushko, M.E. Bowden, K.A. Stoerzinger, S.M. Heald, and M. Scafetta, et al. 2019. "Hole-Induced Electronic and Optical Transitions in La1-xSrxFeO3 Epitaxial Thin Films." Physical Review Materials 3, no. 2:Article Number 025401. PNNL-SA-139953. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.025401

2018

Chambers S.A., Y. Du, Z. Zhu, J. Wang, M.J. Wahila, L.J. Piper, and A. Prakash, et al. 2018. "Interconversion of intrinsic defects in SrTiO3(001)." Physical Review B 97, no. 24:245204. PNNL-SA-131613. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.97.245204
Debehets J., P. Homm, J. Debehets, M. Menghini, S.A. Chambers, C. Marchiori, and M. Heyns, et al. 2018. "Detecting Fermi-level shifts by Auger electron spectroscopy in Si and GaAs." Applied Surface Science 440. PNNL-SA-130366. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.01.079
Du Y., P.V. Sushko, S.R. Spurgeon, M.E. Bowden, J. Ablett, T. Lee, and N. Quackenbush, et al. 2018. "Layer-resolved band bending at the n-SrTiO3(001)/p-Ge(001) interface." Physical Review Materials 2, no. 9:094602. PNNL-SA-134900. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.094602
Lin S., C. Kuo, R.B. Comes, J. Rault, J. Rueff, S. Nemsak, and A. Taleb, et al. 2018. "Interface properties and built-in potential profile of a LaCrO3/SrTiO3 superlattice determined by standing-wave excited photoemission spectroscopy." Physical Review B 98, no. 16:165124. PNNL-SA-131974. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.98.165124
Spurgeon S.R., and S.A. Chambers. 2018. "Atomic-Scale Characterization of Oxide Interfaces and Superlattices Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy." In Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry: Surface Science and Electrochemistry, edited by K Wandelt. 38-48. PNNL-SA-124811. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409547-2.12877-X
Spurgeon S.R., P.V. Sushko, A. Devaraj, Y. Du, T.C. Droubay, and S.A. Chambers. 2018. "Onset of Phase Separation in the Double Perovskite Oxide La2MnNiO6." Physical Review B 97, no. 13:134110. PNNL-SA-123784. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.97.134110
Stoerzinger K.A., L. Wang, Y. Ye, M.E. Bowden, E.J. Crumlin, Y. Du, and S.A. Chambers. 2018. "Linking surface chemistry to photovoltage in Sr-substituted LaFeO3 for water oxidation." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 44:22170-22178. PNNL-SA-135655. doi:10.1039/c8ta05741a
Stoerzinger K.A., Y. Du, K. Ihm, K.L. Zhang, J. Cai, J. Diulus, and R.T. Frederick, et al. 2018. "Impact of Sr-Incorporation on Cr Oxidation and Water Dissociation in La(1-x)SrxCrO3." Advanced Materials Interfaces 5, no. 6:1701363. PNNL-SA-129951. doi:10.1002/admi.201701363
Stoerzinger K.A., Y. Du, S.R. Spurgeon, L. Wang, D.M. Kepaptsoglou, Q.M. Ramasse, and E.J. Crumlin, et al. 2018. "Chemical and Electronic Structure Analysis of a SrTiO3 (001) / p-Ge (001) Hydrogen Evolution Photocathode." MRS Communications 8, no. 2:446-452. PNNL-SA-131770. doi:10.1557/mrc.2018.38
Varga T., T.C. Droubay, L. Kovarik, D. Hu, and S.A. Chambers. 2018. "Controlling the structure and ferroic properties of strained epitaxial NiTiO3 thin films on sapphire by post-deposition annealing." Thin Solid Films 662. PNNL-SA-129160. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2018.07.030
Wang L., K.A. Stoerzinger, L. Chang, J. Zhao, Y. Li, C. Tang, and X. Yin, et al. 2018. "Tuning Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts by Changing A-site Rare-Earth Element in Perovskite Nickelates." Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 39:1803712. PNNL-SA-135288. doi:10.1002/adfm.201803712
Wang L., Y. Du, L. Chang, K.A. Stoerzinger, M.E. Bowden, J. Wang, and S.A. Chambers. 2018. "Band Alignment and Electrocatalytic Activity at the p-n La0.88Sr0.12FeO3 / SrTiO3(001) Heterojunction." Applied Physics Letters 112, no. 26:261601. PNNL-SA-135023. doi:10.1063/1.5030897
Woicik J.C., J. Ablett, N. Quackenbush, A. Rumaiz, C.R. Weiland, T.C. Droubay, and S.A. Chambers. 2018. "Experimental assignment of many-electron excitations in the photoionization of NiO." Physical Review B 97, no. 24:245142. PNNL-SA-131960. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.97.245142

2017

Chambers S.A., M.H. Engelhard, L. Wang, T.C. Droubay, M.E. Bowden, M.J. Wahila, and N. Quackenbush, et al. 2017. "X-ray photoelectron spectra for single-crystal Ti2O3: experiment and theory." Physical Review B 96, no. 20:205143. PNNL-SA-127619. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.96.205143
Chambers S.A., T.C. Droubay, T.C. Kaspar, I.H. Nayyar, M.E. McBriarty, S.M. Heald, and D.J. Keavney, et al. 2017. "Electronic and Optical Properties of a Semiconducting Spinel (Fe2CrO4)." Advanced Functional Materials 27, no. 9:Article No. 1605040. PNNL-SA-121344. doi:10.1002/adfm.201605040
Chambers S.A., Y. Du, R.B. Comes, S.R. Spurgeon, and P.V. Sushko. 2017. "The effects of core-level broadening in determining band alignment at the epitaxial SrTiO3(001)/p-Ge(001) heterojunction." Applied Physics Letters 110, no. 8:082104. PNNL-SA-123225. doi:10.1063/1.4977422
Comes R.B., S.R. Spurgeon, D.M. Kepaptsoglou, M.H. Engelhard, D.E. Perea, T.C. Kaspar, and Q.M. Ramasse, et al. 2017. "Probing the Origin of Interfacial Carriers in SrTiO3-LaCrO3 Superlattices." Chemistry of Materials 29, no. 3:1147-1155. PNNL-SA-119292. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b04329
Du Y., C. Li, K.L. Zhang, M.E. McBriarty, S.R. Spurgeon, H.S. Mehta, and D. Wu, et al. 2017. "An all-perovskite p-n junction based on transparent conducting p-La1-xSrxCrO3 epitaxial layers." Applied Physics Letters 111, no. 6:063501. PNNL-SA-124623. doi:10.1063/1.4997410
Lim Z., K. Ahmadi-Majlan, E. Grimley, Y. Du, M.E. Bowden, R. Moghadam, and J.M. LeBeau, et al. 2017. "Structural and electrical properties of single crystalline SrZrO3 epitaxially grown on Ge (001)." Journal of Applied Physics 122, no. 8:Article No. 084102. PNNL-SA-126528. doi:10.1063/1.5000142
Moghadam R., Z. Xiao, K. Ahmadi-Majlan, E. Grimley, M.E. Bowden, P. Ong, and S.A. Chambers, et al. 2017. "An Ultrathin Single Crystalline Relaxor Ferroelectric Integrated on a High Mobility Semiconductor." Nano Letters 17, no. 10:6248-6257. PNNL-SA-123226. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02947
Nayyar I.H., S.E. Chamberlin, T.C. Kaspar, N. Govind, S.A. Chambers, and P.V. Sushko. 2017. "Effect of doping and chemical ordering on the optoelectronic properties of complex oxides: Fe2O3-V2O3 solid solutions and hetero-structures." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 2:1097-1107. PNNL-SA-122741. doi:10.1039/C6CP06087K
Ngai J., K. Ahmadi-Majlan, M.J. Moghadam, M. Chrysler, D. Kumah, F. Walker, and C. Ahn, et al. 2017. "Electrically coupling complex oxides to semiconductors: a route to novel material functionalities." Journal of Materials Research 32, no. 2:249-259. PNNL-SA-119030. doi:10.1557/jmr.2016.496
Spurgeon S.R., P.V. Sushko, S.A. Chambers, and R.B. Comes. 2017. "Dynamic Interface Rearrangement in LaFeO3 / n-SrTiO3 Heterojunctions." Physical Review Materials 1, no. 6:063401. PNNL-SA-127972. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.1.063401
Spurgeon S.R., Y. Du, and S.A. Chambers. 2017. "Measurement Error in Atomic-Scale Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) Mapping of a Model Oxide Interface." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 3:513-517. PNNL-SA-119131. doi:10.1017/S1431927617000368
Stoerzinger K.A., R.B. Comes, S.R. Spurgeon, S. Thevuthasan, K. Ihm, E.J. Crumlin, and S.A. Chambers. 2017. "Influence of LaFeO3 surface termination on water reactivity." The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 8, no. 5:1038-1043. PNNL-SA-123478. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00195
Varga T., T.C. Droubay, L. Kovarik, M.I. Nandasiri, V. Shutthanandan, D. Hu, and B. Kim, et al. 2017. "Coupled Lattice Polarization and Ferromagnetism in Multiferroic NiTiO3 Thin Films." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 26:21879-21890. PNNL-SA-121771. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b04481

2016

Chambers S.A. 2016. "Probing Perovskite Interfaces and Superlattices with X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy." In Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Springer Series in Surface Sciences, edited by J. Woicik. 341-380. Cham:Springer International Publishing. PNNL-SA-98864. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24043-5_14
Chambers S.A., T.C. Kaspar, A. Prakash, G. Haugstad, and B. Jalan. 2016. "Band alignment at epitaxial BaSnO3/SrTiO3(001) and BaSnO3/LaAlO3(001) heterojunctions." Applied Physics Letters 108, no. 15:Article No. 152104. PNNL-SA-115710. doi:10.1063/1.4946762
Comes R.B., and S.A. Chambers. 2016. "Interface Structure, Band Alignment, and Built-In Potentials at LaFeO3/n-SrTiO3 Heterojunctions." Physical Review Letters 117, no. 22:Article No. 226802. PNNL-SA-119599. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.226802
Comes R.B., S.R. Spurgeon, S.M. Heald, D.M. Kepaptsoglou, L. Jones, P. Ong, and M.E. Bowden, et al. 2016. "Interface-Induced Polarization in SrTiO3-LaCrO3 Superlattices." Advanced Materials Interfaces 3, no. 6:Art. No. 1500779. PNNL-SA-111839. doi:10.1002/admi.201500779
Comes R.B., T.C. Kaspar, S.M. Heald, M.E. Bowden, and S.A. Chambers. 2016. "Infrared Optical Absorption in Low-spin Fe2+-doped SrTiO3." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 28, no. 3:Article No. 035901. PNNL-SA-113483. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/28/3/035901
Du Y., G. Li, E.W. Peterson, J. Zhou, X. Zhang, R. Mu, and Z. Dohnalek, et al. 2016. "Iso-oriented monolayer a-MoO3(010) films epitaxially grown on SrTiO3(001)." Nanoscale 8, no. 5:3119-3124. PNNL-SA-114428. doi:10.1039/C5NR07745A
Kaspar T.C., D.K. Schreiber, S.R. Spurgeon, M.E. McBriarty, G.M. Carroll, D.R. Gamelin, and S.A. Chambers. 2016. "Built-in Potential in Fe2O3-Cr2O3 Superlattices for Improved Photoexcited Carrier Separation." Advanced Materials 28, no. 8:1616-1622. PNNL-SA-112959. doi:10.1002/adma.201504545
Kaspar T.C., P.V. Sushko, M.E. Bowden, S.M. Heald, A. Papadogianni, C.M. Tschammer, and O. Bierwagen, et al. 2016. "Defect compensation by Cr vacancies and oxygen interstitials in Ti4+-doped Cr2O3 epitaxial thin films." Physical Review B 94, no. 15:Article No. 155409. PNNL-SA-118171. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.94.155409
Spurgeon S.R., Y. Du, T.C. Droubay, A. Devaraj, X. Sang, P. Longo, and P. Yan, et al. 2016. "Competing Pathways for Nucleation of the Double Perovskite Structure in the Epitaxial Synthesis of La2MnNiO6." Chemistry of Materials 28, no. 11:3814-3822. PNNL-SA-115671. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00829
Xu P., T.C. Droubay, J.S. Jeong, K.A. Mkhoyan, P.V. Sushko, S.A. Chambers, and B. Jalan. 2016. "Quasi 2D Ultrahigh Carrier Density in a Complex Oxide Broken Gap Heterojunction." Advanced Materials Interfaces 3, no. 2:Article No. 1500432. PNNL-SA-107557. doi:10.1002/admi.201500432
Xu P., Y. Ayino, C.J. Cheng, V.S. Pribiag, R.B. Comes, P.V. Sushko, and S.A. Chambers, et al. 2016. "Predictive Control over Charge Density in the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas at the Polar-Nonpolar NdTiO3/SrTiO3 Interface." Physical Review Letters 117, no. 10:106806-6. PNNL-SA-123678. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.106803

2015

Chamberlin S.E., I.H. Nayyar, T.C. Kaspar, P.V. Sushko, and S.A. Chambers. 2015. "Electronic structure and optical properties of a-(Fe1-xVx)2O3 solid-solution thin films." Applied Physics Letters 106, no. 4:Article No. 041905. PNNL-SA-106515. doi:10.1063/1.4906597
Chambers S.A., Y. Du, M. Gu, T.C. Droubay, S. Hepplestone, and P.V. Sushko. 2015. "Dominance of interface chemistry over the bulk properties in determining the electronic structure of epitaxial metal/perovskite oxide heterojunctions." Chemistry of Materials 27, no. 11:4093-4098. PNNL-SA-108999. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b01118
Comes R.B., P. Xu, B. Jalan, and S.A. Chambers. 2015. "Band alignment of epitaxial SrTiO3 thin films with (LaAlO3)0.3-(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 (001)." Applied Physics Letters 107, no. 13:Article No. 131601. PNNL-SA-111633. doi:10.1063/1.4932063
Comes R.B., S.Y. Smolin, T.C. Kaspar, R. Gao, B.A. Apgar, L.W. Martin, and M.E. Bowden, et al. 2015. "Visible light carrier generation in co-doped epitaxial titanate films." Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 9:Article No. 092901. PNNL-SA-107663. doi:10.1063/1.4913930
Droubay T.C., L. Kong, S.A. Chambers, and W.P. Hess. 2015. "Work Function Reduction by BaO: Growth of Crystalline Barium Oxide on Ag(001) and Ag(111) Surfaces." Surface Science 632. PNNL-SA-102305. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2014.07.010
Flynn B.T., H. Zhang, V. Shutthanandan, T. Varga, R.J. Colby, R.P. Oleksak, and S. Manandhar, et al. 2015. "Growth and Surface Modification of LaFeO3 Thin Films Induced By Reductive Annealing." Applied Surface Science 330. PNNL-SA-107796. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.01.028
Kas J.J., F.D. Vila, J.J. Rehr, and S.A. Chambers. 2015. "Real time cumulant approach for charge-transfer satellites in x-ray photoemission spectra." Physical Review B 91, no. 12:Article No. 121112(R). PNNL-SA-104564. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.91.121112
Li G., T. Varga, P. Yan, Z. Wang, C.M. Wang, S.A. Chambers, and Y. Du. 2015. "Crystallographic Dependence of Photocatalytic Activity of WO3 Thin Films Prepared by Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 23:15119-15123. PNNL-SA-108744. doi:10.1039/c5cp01344e
Moghadam M.J., K. Ahmadi-Majlan, X. Shen, T.C. Droubay, M.E. Bowden, M. Chrysler, and D. Su, et al. 2015. "Band-Gap Engineering at a Semiconductor-Crystalline Oxide Interface." Advanced Materials Interfaces 2, no. 4:Art No. 1400497. PNNL-SA-106514. doi:10.1002/admi.201400497
Varga T., T.C. Droubay, M.E. Bowden, L. Kovarik, D. Hu, and S.A. Chambers. 2015. "Strain-dependence Of The Structure And Ferroic Properties Of Epitaxial NiTiO3 Thin Films Grown On Different Substrates." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2015. PNNL-SA-110090. doi:10.1155/2015/493045
Varga T., T.C. Droubay, M.E. Bowden, S.A. Stephens, S. Manandhar, V. Shutthanandan, and R.J. Colby, et al. 2015. "Strain-dependence Of The Structure And Ferroic Properties Of Epitaxial Ni-1 (-) Ti-x(1) (-) O-y(3) Thin Films Grown On Sapphire Substrates." Thin Solid Films 578. PNNL-SA-106024. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2015.02.016
Zhang H., Y. Du, A. Papadogianni, O. Bierwagen, S. Sallis, L.J. Piper, and M.E. Bowden, et al. 2015. "Perovskite Sr-doped LaCrO3 as a new p-type transparent conducting oxide." Advanced Materials 27, no. 35:5191-5195. PNNL-SA-109679. doi:10.1002/adma.201501959
Zhang H., Y. Du, P.V. Sushko, M.E. Bowden, V. Shutthanandan, L. Qiao, and G. Cao, et al. 2015. "Electronic and magnetic properties of epitaxial perovskite SrCrO3(001)." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 27, no. 24:245605. PNNL-SA-108136. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/27/24/245605
Zhang H., Y. Du, P.V. Sushko, M.E. Bowden, V. Shutthanandan, S. Sallis, and L.J. Piper, et al. 2015. "Hole-induced insulator-to-metal transition in La1-xSrxCrO3 epitaxial films." Physical Review B 91, no. 15:155129. PNNL-SA-105791. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.91.155129

2014

Chamberlin S.E., T.C. Kaspar, M.E. Bowden, V. Shutthanandan, B.C. Kabius, S.M. Heald, and D. Keavney, et al. 2014. "Structural perturbations of epitaxial a-(Fe1-xVx)2O3 thin films driven by excess oxygen near the surface." Journal of Applied Physics 116, no. 23:Article No. 233702. PNNL-SA-105900. doi:10.1063/1.4903839
Chambers S.A. 2014. "Stability at the surface." Science 346, no. 6214:1186-1187. PNNL-SA-106204. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1543
Comes R.B., P.V. Sushko, S.M. Heald, R.J. Colby, M.E. Bowden, and S.A. Chambers. 2014. "Band-Gap Reduction and Dopant Interaction in Epitaxial La,Cr Co-doped SrTiO3 Thin Films." Chemistry of Materials 26, no. 24:7073-7082. PNNL-SA-105536. doi:10.1021/cm503541u
Droubay T.C., S.A. Chambers, A.G. Joly, W.P. Hess, K. Nemeth, K.C. Harkay, and L. Spentzouris. 2014. "Metal-Insulator Photocathode Heterojunction for Directed Electron Emission." Physical Review Letters 112, no. 6:067601(5). PNNL-SA-97936. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.067601
Du Y., and S.A. Chambers. 2014. "Etalon-induced Baseline Drift And Correction In Atom Flux Sensors Based On Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy." Applied Physics Letters 105, no. 16:Article No. 163113. PNNL-SA-102491. doi:10.1063/1.4898638
Du Y., H. Zhang, T. Varga, and S.A. Chambers. 2014. "Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction Beam-Induced Structural and Property Changes on WO3 Thin Films." Applied Physics Letters 105, no. 5:051606. PNNL-SA-103911. doi:10.1063/1.4892810
Du Y., M. Gu, T. Varga, C.M. Wang, M.E. Bowden, and S.A. Chambers. 2014. "Strain Accommodation By Facile WO6 Octahedral Distortion and Tilting During WO3 Heteroepitaxy on SrTiO3(001)." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6, no. 16:14253-14258. PNNL-SA-102876. doi:10.1021/am5035686
Du Y., T.C. Droubay, A.V. Liyu, G. Li, and S.A. Chambers. 2014. "Self-corrected Sensors Based On Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy For Atom Flux Measurements In Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 16:Article No. 163110. PNNL-SA-101564. doi:10.1063/1.4873544
Kaspar T.C., S.E. Chamberlin, M.E. Bowden, R.J. Colby, V. Shutthanandan, S. Manandhar, and Y. Wang, et al. 2014. "Impact of Lattice Mismatch and Stoichiometry on the Structure and Bandgap of (Fe,Cr)2O3 Epitaxial Thin Films." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 26, no. 13:Article No. 135005. PNNL-SA-99168. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/26/13/135005
Zhang H., P.V. Sushko, R.J. Colby, Y. Du, M.E. Bowden, and S.A. Chambers. 2014. "Reversible nano-structuring of SrCrO3-d through oxidization and reduction at low temperatures." Nature Communications 5. PNNL-SA-101384. doi:10.1038/ncomms5669

2013

Chamberlin S.E., Y. Wang, K.A. Lopata, T.C. Kaspar, A. Cohn, D.R. Gamelin, and N. Govind, et al. 2013. "Optical Absorption and Spectral Photoconductivity in a-(Fe1-xCrx)2O3 Solid-Solution Thin Films." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 25, no. 39:392002. PNNL-SA-95698. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/25/39/392002
Chambers S.A., M. Gu, P.V. Sushko, H. Yang, C.M. Wang, and N.D. Browning. 2013. "Ultra-low contact resistance at an epitaxial metal/oxide heterojunction through interstitial site doping." Advanced Materials 25, no. 29:4001-4005. PNNL-SA-92870. doi:10.1002/adma.201301030
Colby R.J., L. Qiao, H. Zhang, V. Shutthanandan, J. Ciston, B.C. Kabius, and S.A. Chambers. 2013. "Cation Intermixing And Electronic Deviations At The Insulating LaCrO3/SrTiO3(001) Interface." Physical Review B 88, no. 15:155325-1 to 155325-9. PNNL-SA-95605. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.88.155325
He W., S. VilayurGanapathy, A.G. Joly, T.C. Droubay, S.A. Chambers, J.R. Maldonado, and W.P. Hess. 2013. "Comparison of CsBr and KBr coated Cu photocathodes: Effects of laser irradiation and work function changes." Applied Physics Letters 102, no. 7:Article No. 071604. PNNL-SA-92864. doi:10.1063/1.4793214
Kaspar T.C., S.E. Chamberlin, and S.A. Chambers. 2013. "Surface structure of a-Cr2O3(0001) after activated oxygen exposure." Surface Science 618. PNNL-SA-96080. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2013.09.005
Kovacs A., A. Ney, A. Ney, M. Duchamp, V. Ney, C. Boothroyd, and P.L. Galindo, et al. 2013. "Defects in paramagnetic Co-doped ZnO films studied by transmission electron microscopy." Journal of Applied Physics 114, no. 24:243503. PNNL-SA-96828. doi:10.1063/1.4851015
Look D.C., T.C. Droubay, and S.A. Chambers. 2013. "Optical/electrical correlations in ZnO: the plasmonic resonance phase diagram." Physica Status Solidi B, Basic Research 250, no. 10:2118-2121. PNNL-SA-92181. doi:10.1002/pssb.201200968
Qiao L., H. Zhang, M.E. Bowden, T. Varga, V. Shutthanandan, R.J. Colby, and Y. Du, et al. 2013. "The Impacts of Cation Stoichiometry and Substrate Surface Quality on Nucleation, Structure, Defect Formation, and Intermixing in Complex Oxide Heteroepitaxy-LaCrO3 on SrTiO3(001)." Advanced Functional Materials 23, no. 23:2953-2963. PNNL-SA-89831. doi:10.1002/adfm.201202655
Qiao L., H.Y. Xiao, S.M. Heald, M.E. Bowden, T. Varga, G.J. Exarhos, and M.D. Biegalski, et al. 2013. "The impact of crystal symmetry on the electronic structure and functional properties of complex lanthanum chromium oxides." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 1, no. 30:4527-4535. PNNL-SA-94824. doi:10.1039/C3TC30883A
Sushko P., L. Qiao, M.E. Bowden, T. Varga, G.J. Exarhos, F.K. Urban, III, and D. Barton, et al. 2013. "Multiband Optical Absorption Controlled by Lattice Strain in Thin-Film LaCrO3." Physical Review Letters 110, no. 7:077401. PNNL-SA-87597. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.077401
Varga T., T.C. Droubay, M.E. Bowden, R.J. Colby, S. Manandhar, V. Shutthanandan, and D. Hu, et al. 2013. "Coexistence of Weak Ferromagnetism and Polar Lattice Distortion in Epitaxial NiTiO3 thin films of the LiNbO3-Type Structure." Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology Part B. Nanotechnology & Microelectronics 31, no. 3:Article No. 030603. PNNL-SA-92833. doi:10.1116/1.4801664
Wang Y., K.A. Lopata, S.A. Chambers, N. Govind, and P.V. Sushko. 2013. "Optical absorption and band gap reduction in (Fe1-xCrx)2O3 solid solutions: A first-principles study." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117, no. 48:25504-25512. PNNL-SA-94739. doi:10.1021/jp407496w

2012

Capan C., G. Sun, M.E. Bowden, and S.A. Chambers. 2012. "Epitaxial Cr on n-SrTiO3(001)-An ideal Ohmic contact." Applied Physics Letters 100, no. 5:052106. PNNL-SA-83506. doi:10.1063/1.3680608
Chambers S.A., T.C. Droubay, C. Capan, and G. Sun. 2012. "Unintentional F doping of SrTiO3(001) etched in HF acid-structure and electronic properties." Surface Science 606, no. 3-4:554-558. PNNL-SA-83140. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2011.11.029
Cheung S.H., A. Celik-Aktas, P. Dey, K. Pande, M. Weinert, B. Kabius, and D. Keavney, et al. 2012. "Effects of unreconstructed and reconstructed polar surface terminations on growth, structure, and magnetic properties of hematite films." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 85, no. 4:045405. PNNL-SA-61050. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.85.045405
Du Y., D. Kim, T.C. Kaspar, S.E. Chamberlin, I. Lyubinetsky, and S.A. Chambers. 2012. "In-situ imaging of the nucleation and growth of epitaxial anatase TiO2(001) films on SrTiO3(001)." Surface Science 606, no. 17-18:1443-1449. PNNL-SA-84680. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2012.05.010
Franking R.A., H. Kim, S.A. Chambers, A.N. Mangham, and R.J. Hamers. 2012. "Photochemical Grafting of Organic Alkenes to Single-Crystal TiO2 Surfaces: A Mechanistic Study." Langmuir 28, no. 33:12085-12093. PNNL-SA-88294. doi:10.1021/la302169k
Kaspar T.C., A. Ney, A. Ney, A.N. Mangham, S.M. Heald, Y. Joly, and V. Ney, et al. 2012. "Structure of epitaxial (Fe,N) codoped rutile TiO2 thin films by x-ray absorption." Physical Review B 86, no. 3:035322. PNNL-SA-87591. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.86.035322
Look D.C., T.C. Droubay, and S.A. Chambers. 2012. "Stable highly conductive ZnO via reduction of Zn vacancies." Applied Physics Letters 101, no. 10:Article No. 102101. PNNL-SA-89053. doi:10.1063/1.4748869
Varga T., T.C. Droubay, M.E. Bowden, P. Nachimuthu, V. Shutthanandan, T.B. Bolin, and W.A. Shelton, et al. 2012. "Epitaxial growth of NiTiO3 with a distorted ilmenite structure." Thin Solid Films 520, no. 17:5534-5541. PNNL-SA-83110. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2012.04.060

2011

Chambers S.A. 2011. "Understanding the mechanism of conductivity at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3(001) interface." Surface Science 605, no. 13-14:1133-1140. PNNL-SA-77419. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2011.04.011
Chambers S.A., L. Qiao, T.C. Droubay, T.C. Kaspar, B.W. Arey, and P.V. Sushko. 2011. "Band Alignment, Built-In Potential, and the Absence of Conductivity at the LaCrO3/SrTiO3(001) Heterojunction." Physical Review Letters 107, no. 20:Article No. 206802. PNNL-SA-80654. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.206802
Johnson C.A., A. Cohn, T.C. Kaspar, S.A. Chambers, G. Salley, and D.R. Gamelin. 2011. "Visible-light photoconductivity of Zn1-xCoxO and its dependence on Co2+ concentration." Physical Review B 84, no. 12:Article No. 125203. PNNL-SA-79985. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.125203
Look D., T.C. Droubay, J.S. McCloy, Z. Zhu, and S.A. Chambers. 2011. "Ga-doped ZnO grown by pulsed laser deposition in H2: the roles of Ga and H." Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A--Vacuum, Surfaces and Films 29, no. 3:Article No.: 03A102. PNNL-SA-74572. doi:10.1116/1.3523296
Mangham A.N., N. Govind, M.E. Bowden, V. Shutthanandan, A.G. Joly, M.A. Henderson, and S.A. Chambers. 2011. "Photochemical Properties, Composition, and Structure in Molecular Beam Epitaxy Grown Fe “Doped” and (Fe,N) Codoped Rutile TiO2(110)." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115, no. 31:15416-15424. PNNL-SA-79027. doi:10.1021/jp203061n
Qiao L., T.C. Droubay, M.E. Bowden, V. Shutthanandan, T.C. Kaspar, and S.A. Chambers. 2011. "LaCrO3 heteroepitaxy on SrTiO3(001) by molecular beam epitaxy." Applied Physics Letters 99, no. 6:Art. No. 061904. PNNL-SA-80732. doi:10.1063/1.3624473
Qiao L., T.C. Droubay, T. Varga, M.E. Bowden, V. Shutthanandan, Z. Zhu, and T.C. Kaspar, et al. 2011. "Epitaxial growth, structure and intermixing at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface as the film stoichiometry is varied." Physical Review B 83, no. 8:085408. PNNL-SA-74388. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.83.085408
Qiao L., T.C. Droubay, T.C. Kaspar, P.V. Sushko, and S.A. Chambers. 2011. "Cation mixing, band offsets and electric fields at LaAlO3/SrTiO3(001) heterojunctions with variable La:Al atom ratio." Surface Science 605, no. 15-16:1381-1387. PNNL-SA-80121. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2011.04.035
Zhao B., T.C. Kaspar, T.C. Droubay, J.S. McCloy, M.E. Bowden, V. Shutthanandan, and S.M. Heald, et al. 2011. "Electrical transport properties of Ti-doped Fe2O3(0001) epitaxial films." Physical Review B 84, no. 24:245325. PNNL-SA-83375. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.245325

2010

Chambers S.A. 2010. "Epitaxial Growth and Properties of Doped Transition Metal and Complex Oxide Films." Advanced Materials 22, no. 2:219-248. PNNL-SA-66856. doi:10.1002/adma.200901867
Chambers S.A., M.H. Engelhard, V. Shutthanandan, Z. Zhu, T.C. Droubay, L. Qiao, and P.V. Sushko, et al. 2010. "Instability, intermixing and electronic structure at the epitaxial LaAlO3/SrTiO3(001) heterojunction." Surface Science Reports 65, no. 10-12:317-352. PNNL-SA-73191. doi:10.1016/j.surfrep.2010.09.001
Droubay T.C., L. Qiao, T.C. Kaspar, M.H. Engelhard, V. Shutthanandan, and S.A. Chambers. 2010. "Non-stoichiometric material transfer in the pulsed laser deposition of LaAlO3." Applied Physics Letters 97, no. 12:124105. PNNL-SA-73524. doi:10.1063/1.3487778
Henderson M.A., V. Shutthanandan, T. Ohsawa, and S.A. Chambers. 2010. "Structural Environment of Nitrogen in N-doped Rutile TiO2(110)." In Solar Hydrogen and Nanotechnology V, Proceedings of SPIE, edited by H Idress and H Wang, 7770. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-73720. doi:10.1117/12.862297
Johnson C.A., K.R. Kittilstved, T.C. Kaspar, T.C. Droubay, S.A. Chambers, G. Salley, and D.R. Gamelin. 2010. "Mid-Gap Electronic States in Zn1 xMnxO." Physical Review B 82, no. 11:Art. No. 115202. PNNL-SA-73651.
Johnson C.A., T.C. Kaspar, S.A. Chambers, G. Salley, and D.R. Gamelin. 2010. "Sub-band-gap photoconductivity in Co2+-doped ZnO." Physical Review B 81, no. 12:Article Number: 125206. PNNL-SA-72146. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.81.125206
Kaspar T.C., T.C. Droubay, and S.A. Chambers. 2010. "Atomic oxygen flux determined by mixed-phase Ag/Ag2O deposition." Thin Solid Films 519, no. 2:635-640. PNNL-SA-71805. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2010.08.081
Kaspar T.C., T.C. Droubay, S.A. Chambers, and P.S. Bagus. 2010. "Spectroscopic evidence for Ag(III) in highly oxidized silver films by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114, no. 49:21562-21571. PNNL-SA-74545. doi:10.1021/jp107914e
McCloy J.S., J.V. Ryan, T.C. Droubay, T.C. Kaspar, S.A. Chambers, and D. Look. 2010. "Magnetotransport Properties of High Quality Co:ZnO and Mn:ZnO Single Crystal Pulsed Laser Deposition films: Pitfalls Associated with Magnetotransport on High Resistivity Materials." Review of Scientific Instruments 81, no. 6:Art. No. 063902. PNNL-SA-71740. doi:10.1063/1.3436648
Nelin C.J., P.S. Bagus, E.S. Ilton, S.A. Chambers, H. Kuhlenbeck, and H. Freund. 2010. "Relationships Between Complex Core Level Spectra and Materials Properties." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 110, no. 15:2752-2764. PNNL-SA-77074. doi:10.1002/qua.22807
Ney A., A. Ney, M. Opel, T.C. Kaspar, V. Ney, S. Ye, and K. Ollefs, et al. 2010. "Advanced Spectroscopic Synchrotron Techniques to Unravel the Intrinsic Properties of Dilute Magnetic Oxides: The Case of Co:ZnO." New Journal of Physics 12. PNNL-SA-66420. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/12/1/013020
Ney A., A. Ney, T. Kammermeier, K. Ollefs, S. Ye, V. Ney, and T.C. Kaspar, et al. 2010. "Anisotropic Paramagnetism of Co-doped ZnO Epitaxial Films." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter 81, no. 5:Art. No. 054420. PNNL-SA-68802. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.81.054420
Ney A., A. Ney, V. Ney, S. Ye, K. Ollefs, T. Kammermeier, and T.C. Kaspar, et al. 2010. "Magnetism of Co doped ZnO with Al codoping: carrier induced mechanisms versus extrinsic origins." Physical Review B 82, no. 4:041202. PNNL-SA-72647. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.82.041202
Ney V., S. Ye, T. Kammermeier, K. Ollefs, A. Ney, A. Ney, and T.C. Kaspar, et al. 2010. "Tuning the magnetic properties of Zn1-xCoxO films." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 322, no. 9-12:1232-1234. PNNL-SA-71939. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.04.024
Ohsawa T., M.A. Henderson, and S.A. Chambers. 2010. "Epitaxial Growth and Orientational Dependence of Surface Photochemistry in CrystallineTiO2 Rutile Films Doped with Nitrogen." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114, no. 14:6595-6601. PNNL-SA-70404. doi:10.1021/jp1002726
Qiao L., T.C. Droubay, V. Shutthanandan, Z. Zhu, P.V. Sushko, and S.A. Chambers. 2010. "Thermodynamic Instability at the Stoichiometric LaAlO3/SrTiO3(001) Interface." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 22, no. 31:Art. No. 312201. PNNL-SA-73534. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/22/31/312201

2009

Chambers S.A. 2009. "Comment on “Origin of Metallic States at the Heterointerface between the Band Insulators LaAlO3 and SrTiO3"." Physical Review Letters 102, no. 19:Art No.: 199703. PNNL-SA-64372. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.199703
Chambers S.A., T. Ohsawa, C.M. Wang, I. Lyubinetsky, and J.E. Jaffe. 2009. "Band Offsets at the Epitaxial Anatase TiO2/n-SrTiO3(001) Interface." Surface Science 603, no. 5:771-780. PNNL-SA-62398.
Droubay T.C., D. Keavney, T.C. Kaspar, S.M. Heald, C.M. Wang, C.A. Johnson, and K.M. Whitaker, et al. 2009. "Correlated substitution in paramagnetic Mn2+-doped ZnO epitaxial films." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 79, no. 15:Article number:155203. PNNL-SA-62916.
Droubay T.C., T.C. Kaspar, B.P. Kaspar, and S.A. Chambers. 2009. "Cation dopant distributions in nanostructures of transition-metal doped ZnO:Monte Carlo simulations." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 79, no. 7:Art. No. 075324. PNNL-SA-61451.
Heald S.M., T.C. Kaspar, T.C. Droubay, and S.A. Chambers. 2009. "Characterization of Thin Films by XAFS: Application to Spintronics Materials." In Materials Science and Technology 2009 Conference and Exhibition, 688-697. Warrendale, Pennsylvania:ASM International. PNNL-SA-66758.
Heald S.M., T.C. Kaspar, T.C. Droubay, V. Shutthanandan, S.A. Chambers, A. Mokhtari, and A.J. Behan, et al. 2009. "X-ray absorption fine structure and magnetization characterization of the metallic Co component in Co-doped ZnO thin films." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter 79, no. 7:Art. No. 075202. PNNL-SA-62284.
Kammermeier T., V. Ney, S. Ye, K. Ollefs, T.C. Kaspar, S.A. Chambers, and F. Wilhelm, et al. 2009. "Element specific measurements of the structural properties and magnetism of CoxZn1-xO." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 321, no. 7:699-701. PNNL-SA-65363. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.11.028
Ohsawa T., I. Lyubinetsky, Y. Du, M.A. Henderson, V. Shutthanandan, and S.A. Chambers. 2009. "Crystallographic Dependence of Visible-light Photoactivity in Epitaxial TiO2-xNx Anatase and Rutile." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 79, no. 8:Article number: 085401. PNNL-SA-59944. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.085401
Zhu Z., V. Shutthanandan, Y. Li, and S.A. Chambers. 2009. "Quantitative Determination of Deuterium Atom Concentration in Zinc Oxide Thin Films by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry." In Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, 20th International Conference . AIP Conference Proceedings, 1099, 343-346. Melville, New York:American Institute of Physics. PNNL-SA-63151. doi:10.1063/1.3120047

2008

Chambers S.A. 2008. "Molecular beam epitaxial growth of doped oxide semiconductors." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20, no. 26:Art. No. 264004. PNNL-SA-56868.
Cheung S.H., P. Nachimuthu, M.H. Engelhard, C.M. Wang, and S.A. Chambers. 2008. "N incorporation, composition and electronic structure in N-doped TiO2(001) anatase epitaxial films grown on LaAlO3(001)." Surface Science 602, no. 1:133-141. PNNL-SA-56452. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2007.09.061
Kaspar T.C., T.C. Droubay, S.M. Heald, M.H. Engelhard, P. Nachimuthu, and S.A. Chambers. 2008. "Hidden Ferromagnetic Secondary Phases in Cobalt-doped ZnO Epitaxial Thin Films." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter 77, no. 20:201303. PNNL-SA-58773. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.201303
Kaspar T.C., T.C. Droubay, S.M. Heald, P. Nachimuthu, C.M. Wang, V. Shutthanandan, and C.A. Johnson, et al. 2008. "Lack of ferromagnetism in n-type cobalt-doped ZnO epitaxial thin films." New Journal of Physics 10. PNNL-SA-58534. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/10/5/055010
Li Y., T.C. Kaspar, T.C. Droubay, A.G. Joly, P. Nachimuthu, Z. Zhu, and V. Shutthanandan, et al. 2008. "A Study of H and D doped ZnO epitaxial films grown by pulsed laser deposition." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 5:Article no. 053711. PNNL-SA-62192. doi:10.1063/1.2975219
Li Y., T.C. Kaspar, T.C. Droubay, Z. Zhu, V. Shutthanandan, P. Nachimuthu, and S.A. Chambers. 2008. "Electronic properties of H and D doped ZnO epitaxial films." Applied Physics Letters 92, no. 15:Art. No. 152105. PNNL-SA-59567.
Ney A., A. Ney, K. Ollefs, S. Ye, T. Kammermeier, V. Ney, and T.C. Kaspar, et al. 2008. "Absence of Intrinsic Ferromagnetic Interactions of Isolated and Paired Co Dopant Atoms in Zn1-xCoxO with High Structural Perfection." Physical Review Letters 100, no. 15:Art. No. 157201. PNNL-SA-57805. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.157201
Ohsawa T., I. Lyubinetsky, M.A. Henderson, and S.A. Chambers. 2008. "Hole-mediated Photodecomposition of Trimehtyl Acetate on a TiO2(001) Anatase Epitaxial Thin Film Surface." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112, no. 50:20050-20056. PNNL-SA-62399. doi:10.1021/jp8077997

2007

Chambers S.A. 2007. "Advances in the Surface Science of TiO2 - A Global Perspective." Hyomen Kagaku. Journal of the Surface Science Society of Japan 28, no. 10:561-572. PNNL-SA-55093.
Chambers S.A. 2007. "Surface Science Opportunities in the Electronic Structure of ZnO (A Perspective on the Article, "Quantitative Analysis of Surface Donors in ZnO", by D.C. Look)." Surface Science 601, no. 23:5313-5314. PNNL-SA-57343. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2007.10.004
Chambers S.A., D.A. Schwartz, W.K. Liu, K.R. Kittilstved, and D.R. Gamelin. 2007. "Growth, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Doped ZnO Epitaxial and Nanocrystalline Films." Applied Physics A, Materials Science and Processing 88, no. 1:1-5. PNNL-SA-47039. doi:10.1007/s00339-007-3948-2
Chambers S.A., S.H. Cheung, V. Shutthanandan, S. Thevuthasan, M.K. Bowman, and A.G. Joly. 2007. "Properties of Structurally Excellent N-doped TiO2 Rutile." Chemical Physics 339, no. 1-3:27-35. PNNL-SA-53996. doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.04.024
Cheung S.H., P. Nachimuthu, A.G. Joly, M.H. Engelhard, M.K. Bowman, and S.A. Chambers. 2007. "N incorporation and electronic structure in N-doped TiO2(110) rutile." Surface Science 601, no. 7:1754-1762. PNNL-SA-50468. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2007.01.051
Droubay T.C., K.M. Rosso, S.M. Heald, D.E. Mccready, C.M. Wang, and S.A. Chambers. 2007. "Structure, Magnetism and Conductivity in Epitaxial Ti-doped ?-Fe2O3 Hematite: Experiment and density functional theory calculations." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 75, no. 10. PNNL-SA-48675. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.104412
Saraf L.V., M.H. Engelhard, C.M. Wang, A.S. Lea, D.E. McCready, V. Shutthanandan, and D.R. Baer, et al. 2007. "Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of carbon-free ZnO using the bis(2,2,6,6 tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)zinc precursor." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 5:1230-1234. PNNL-SA-51436. doi:10.1557/JMR.2007.0146
Saraf L.V., M.H. Engelhard, C.M. Wang, A.S. Lea, D.E. McCready, V. Shutthanandan, and D.R. Baer, et al. 2007. "Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of carbon-free ZnO using the bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)zinc precursor." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 5:1230-1234. PNNL-SA-52809. doi:10.1557/JMR.2007.0146
Saraf L.V., M.H. Engelhard, P. Nachimuthu, V. Shutthanandan, C.M. Wang, S.M. Heald, and D.E. McCready, et al. 2007. "Nucleation and Growth of MOCVD Grown (Cr, Zn)O Films - Uniform Doping vs. Secondary Phase Formation." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 154, no. 3:D134-D138. PNNL-SA-51245. doi:10.1149/1.2424422
Shao R., C.M. Wang, D.E. McCready, T.C. Droubay, and S.A. Chambers. 2007. "Growth and structure of MBE grown TiO2 anatase films with rutile nano-crystallites." Surface Science 601, no. 6:1582-1589. PNNL-SA-52119. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2007.01.039
Tobin J.G., S. Morton, S.W. Yu, G.D. Waddill, I.K. Schuller, and S.A. Chambers. 2007. "Spin resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of Fe3O4: the case against half-metallicity." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19, no. 31:Art. No. 315218. PNNL-SA-57388.
Xiong G., R. Shao, T.C. Droubay, A.G. Joly, K.M. Beck, S.A. Chambers, and W.P. Hess. 2007. "Photoemission Electron Microscopy of TiO2 Anatase Films Embedded with Rutile Nanocrystals." Advanced Functional Materials 17, no. 13:2133-2138. PNNL-SA-53255. doi:10.1002/adfm.200700146

2006

Chambers S.A. 2006. "Ferromagnetism in Doped Thin-Film Oxide and Nitride Semiconductors and Dielectrics." Surface Science Reports 61, no. 8:345-381. PNNL-SA-48337. doi:10.1016/j.surfrep.2006.05.001
Chambers S.A., T.C. Droubay, C.M. Wang, K.M. Rosso, S.M. Heald, S.A. Schwartz, and K.R. Kittilstved, et al. 2006. "Ferromagnetism in Oxide Semiconductors." Materials Today 9, no. 11:28-35. PNNL-SA-50589.
Joly A.G., J.R. Williams, S.A. Chambers, G. Xiong, W.P. Hess, and D.M. Laman. 2006. "Carrier Dynamics in a-Fe2O3 (0001) Thin Films and Single Crystals Probed by Femtosecond Transient Absorption and Reflectivity." Journal of Applied Physics 99, no. 5:Article: 053521 (6 pages). PNNL-SA-45700.
Kaspar T.C., T.C. Droubay, D.E. McCready, P. Nachimuthu, S.M. Heald, C.M. Wang, and A.S. Lea, et al. 2006. "Magnetic properties of epitaxial Co-doped anatase TiO2 thin films with excellent structural quality." Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B--Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 24, no. 4:2012-2017. PNNL-SA-48059. doi:10.1116/1.2216723
Kaspar T.C., T.C. Droubay, V. Shutthanandan, S.M. Heald, C.M. Wang, D.E. McCready, and S. Thevuthasan, et al. 2006. "Ferromagnetism and structure of epitaxial Cr-doped anatase TiO2 thin films." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 73, no. 15:155327 (12 p.). PNNL-SA-47923. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.155327
Kittilstved K.R., D.A. Schwartz, A.C. Tuan, S.M. Heald, S.A. Chambers, and D.R. Gamelin. 2006. "Direct kinetic correlation of carriers and ferromagnetism in Co2+ : ZnO." Physical Review Letters 97. PNNL-SA-50170. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.037203
Shutthanandan V., S. Thevuthasan, T.C. Droubay, S.M. Heald, M.H. Engelhard, D.E. McCready, and S.A. Chambers, et al. 2006. "Synthesis of Room-Temperature Ferromagnetic Cr-doped TiO2(110) Rutile Single Crystals using Ion Implantation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section B, Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 242, no. 1-2:198-200. PNNL-SA-43506. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2005.08.149
Shutthanandan V., S. Thevuthasan, T.C. Droubay, T.C. Kaspar, A. Punnoose, J. Hays, and S.A. Chambers. 2006. "Quantification of Dopant Concentrations in Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors using Ion Beam Techniques." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section B, Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 249, no. 1-2:402-405. PNNL-SA-46992. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2006.04.038

2005

Chambers S.A., J.R. Williams, M.A. Henderson, A.G. Joly, M. Varela, and S.J. Pennycook. 2005. "Structure, Band Offsets and Photochemistry at Epitaxial ?-Cr2O3/?-Fe2O3 Heterojunctions." Surface Science 587, no. 3:L197-L207. PNNL-SA-43436.
Chambers S.A., T.C. Droubay, and T.C. Kaspar. 2005. "Epitaxial Growth and Properties of Magnetically Doped TiO2." In Thin Films and Heterostructures for Oxide Electronics, edited by Satishchandra B. Ogale. 219-247. New York, New York:Springer. PNNL-SA-42461.
Cicerrella E., J.L. Freeouf, L.F. Edge, D.G. Schlom, T. heeg, J. Schubert, and S.A. Chambers. 2005. "Optical properties of La-based high-K dielectric films." Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A--Vacuum, Surfaces and Films 23, no. 6:1676-1680. PNNL-SA-46625. doi:10.1116/1.205655
Droubay T.C., S.M. Heald, V. Shutthanandan, S. Thevuthasan, S.A. Chambers, and J. Osterwalder. 2005. "Cr-doped TiO2 Anatase- A Ferromagnetic Insulator." Journal of Applied Physics 97. PNNL-SA-42652.
Heald S.M., S.A. Chambers, and T.C. Droubay. 2005. "XAFS study of CoxTi1-xO2-x-anatase." Physica Scripta T115. PNNL-14575. doi:10.1238/Physica.Topical.115a00597
Heald S.M., S.A. Chambers, and T.C. Droubay. 2005. "XAFS Study of Epitaxial CoxTi1-xO2-x Anatase." In 12th International Conference on X-ray Absorption FIne Structure held in Malmo, Sweden, June, 2003, edited by N. Martensson, 597-599. Stockholm:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. PNNL-SA-38914.
Jaffe J.E., T.C. Droubay, and S.A. Chambers. 2005. "Oxygen Vacancies and Ferromagnetism in CoxTi1-xO2-x-y." Journal of Applied Physics 97, no. 7:073908 (6 p.). PNNL-SA-42498.
Kaspar T.C., S.M. Heald, C.M. Wang, J.D. Bryan, T.C. Droubay, V. Shutthanandan, and S. Thevuthasan, et al. 2005. "Negligible Magnetism in Excellent Structural Quality CrxTi1-xO2 Anatase: Contrast with High-Tc Ferromagnetism in Structurally Defective CrxTi1-xO2." Physical Review Letters 95. PNNL-SA-45771. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.217203
Kaspar T.C., T.C. Droubay, C.M. Wang, S.M. Heald, A.S. Lea, and S.A. Chambers. 2005. "Co-doped Anatase TiO2 Heteroepitaxy on Si(001)." Journal of Applied Physics 97, no. 7:073511-073511-10. PNNL-SA-42653. doi:10.1063/1.1868854
Lazarov V., M. Weinert, S.A. Chambers, and M. Gajdardziska-josifovska. 2005. "Atomic and Electronic Structure of the Fe3O4 (111)/MgO(111) Model Polar Oxide Interface." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter 72, no. 19:195401. PNNL-SA-45276. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.195401
Lazarov V., R. Plass, H. Poon, D.K. Saldin, M. Weinert, S.A. Chambers, and M. Gajdardziska-Josifovska. 2005. "Structure of the Hydrogen Stabilized MgO(111)-(1x1) Polar Surface: Integrated Experimental and Theoretical Studies." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 71. PNNL-SA-42581.
Osterwalder J., T.C. Droubay, T.C. Kaspar, J.R. Williams, C.M. Wang, and S.A. Chambers. 2005. "Growth of Cr-doped TiO2 Films in the Rutile and Anatase Structures by Oxygen Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Thin Solid Films 484, no. 1-2:289-298. PNNL-SA-42647.
Sasahara A., T.C. Droubay, S.A. Chambers, H. Uetsuka, and H. Onishi. 2005. "Topography of Anatase TiO2 Film Synthesized on LaAlO3(001)." Nanotechnology 16, no. 3:S18-S21. PNNL-SA-43039.
Vescovo E., H. Kim, J.M. Ablett, and S.A. Chambers. 2005. "Spin-Polarized Conduction in Localized Ferromagnetic Materials: the case of Fe3O4 on MgO(100)." Journal of Applied Physics 98, no. 8:084507(5). PNNL-SA-45582.
Wang C.M., V. Shutthanandan, S. Thevuthasan, T.C. Droubay, and S.A. Chambers. 2005. "Microstructure of Co-doped TiO2 (110) Rutile by Ion Implantation." Journal of Applied Physics 97, no. 7:99-104. PNNL-SA-42989.
Williams J.R., C.M. Wang, and S.A. Chambers. 2005. "Heteroepitaxial Growth and Structural Analysis of Epitaxial ?-Fe2O3(1010) on TiO2(001)." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 5:1250-1256. PNNL-SA-43919.

2004

Bargar J., T.P. Trainor, J.P. Fitts, S.A. Chambers, and G.E. Brown. 2004. "In Situ Grazing-Incidence Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Study of Pb(II) Chemisorption on Hematite (0001) and (1-102) Surfaces." Langmuir 20, no. 5:1667-1673. PNNL-SA-40145.
Bryan J.D., S.M. Heald, S.A. Chambers, and D.R. Gamelin. 2004. "Strong Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in Co2+-Doped TiO2 Made from Colloidal Nanocrystals." Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, no. 37:11640-11647. PNNL-SA-43105.
Chambers S.A., T.C. Droubay, T.C. Kaspar, and M.S. Gutowski. 2004. "Accurate Valence Band Maximum Determination for SrTiO3(001)." Surface Science 554, no. 2-3:81-89. PNNL-SA-39651.
Chambers S.A., T.C. Droubay, T.C. Kaspar, and M.S. Gutowski. 2004. "Experimental Determination of Valence Band Maxima for SrTiO3, TiO2, and SrO and the Associated Valence Band Offsets with Si(001)." Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B--Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 22, no. 4:2205-2215. PNNL-SA-39659.
Edge L.F., D.G. Schlom, R.T. Brewer, Y.J. Chabal, J.R. Williams, S.A. Chambers, and C. Hinkle, et al. 2004. "Suppression of Subcutaneous Oxidation during the Deposition of Amorphous Lanthanum Aluminate on Silicon." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 23:4629-4631. PNNL-SA-40266.
Edge L.F., D.G. Schlom, S.A. Chambers, E. Cicerrella, J.L. Freeouf, B. Hollander, and J. Schubert. 2004. "Measurement of the Band Offsets between Amorphous LaAlO3 and Silicon." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 5:726-728. PNNL-SA-43521.
Edge L.F., D.G. Schlom, S.A. Chambers, E. Cicerrella, J.L. Freeouf, B. Hollander, and J. Schubert. 2004. "Measurements of the Band Offsets Between Amorphous LaAIO3 and Silicon." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 5:726-728. PNNL-SA-40144.
Kim Y.J., S. Thevuthasan, T.C. Droubay, A.S. Lea, C.M. Wang, V. Shutthanandan, and S.A. Chambers, et al. 2004. "Growth and Properties of molecular beam epitaxially grown ferromagnetic Fe-doped TiO2 rutile films on TiO2." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 18:3531-3533. PNNL-SA-40048.
Pakhomov A., B.K. Roberts, A.C. Tuan, V. Shutthanandan, D.E. McCready, S. Thevuthasan, and S.A. Chambers, et al. 2004. "Studies of Two-and Three-Dimensional ZnO:Co Structures Through Different Sythetic Routes." Journal of Applied Physics 95, no. 11:7393-7395 Part 2. PNNL-SA-40146.
Peden C.H., J. Szanyi, M.A. Henderson, S.A. Chambers, E. Ozensoy, S. Azad, and J.A. Rodriguez, et al. 2004. "Fundamental Studies of Selectivity and Mechanisms of Oxide-Catalyzed Nitrogen Oxide Chemistry." In Frontiers in Catalysis Science: Proceedings of the 12th DOE/BES Heterogeneous Catalysis & Surface Science Meeting, 393-396. Washington, Dc:Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences. PNWD-SA-6558.
Shutthanandan V., S. Thevuthasan, S.M. Heald, T.C. Droubay, M.H. Engelhard, T.C. Kaspar, and D.E. McCready, et al. 2004. "Room Temperature Ferromagnetism in Ion-implanted Co-doped TiO2(110) Rutile." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 22:4466-4468. PNNL-SA-40229.
Shutthanandan V., S. Thevuthasan, S.M. Heald, T.C. Droubay, M.H. Engelhard, T.C. Kaspar, and D.E. McCready, et al. 2004. "Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in Ion-Implanted Co-Doped TiO2(110) Rutile." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 22:4466-4468. PNNL-SA-43204.
Tuan A.C., J.D. Bryan, A. Pakhomov, V. Shutthanandan, S. Thevuthasan, D.E. McCready, and D.J. Gaspar, et al. 2004. "Epitaxial Growth and Properties of Cobalt-doped ZnO on a-Al2O3 Single-Crystal Substrates." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter 70, no. 5:054424. PNNL-SA-38883.

2003

Chambers S.A., and R.F. Farrow. 2003. "New Possibilities for Ferromagnetic Semiconductors." MRS Bulletin 28, no. 10:729-733. PNNL-SA-38745.
Chambers S.A., and R.F. Farrow. 2003. "New Possibilities for Ferromagnetic Semiconductors." MRS Bulletin 28, no. 10:729-733. PNNL-SA-43344.
Chambers S.A., and Y.K. Yoo. 2003. "New Materials for Spintronics." MRS Bulletin 28, no. 10:706-708. PNNL-SA-41185.
Chambers S.A., S.M. Heald, and T.C. Droubay. 2003. "Local Co Structure in Epitaxial Cox Ti1-xO2-x Anatase." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 67, no. 10:22-25, art. no. 100401. PNNL-SA-37018.
Chambers S.A., T.C. Droubay, C.M. Wang, A.S. Lea, R. Farrow, L. Folks, and V. Deline, et al. 2003. "Clusters and Magnetism in Epitaxial Co-doped TiO2 Anatase." Applied Physics Letters 82, no. 8:1257-1259. PNNL-SA-37993.
Lazarov V., S.A. Chambers, and M. Gajdardziska-Josifovska. 2003. "Polar Oxide Interface Stabilization by Formation of Metallic Nanocrystals." Physical Review Letters 90, no. 21:216108. PNNL-SA-37674.
Nachimuthu P., S. Thevuthasan, Y.J. Kim, A.S. Lea, V. Shutthanandan, M.H. Engelhard, and D.R. Baer, et al. 2003. "Investigation of Copper(I) Oxide Quantum Dots by Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy." Chemistry of Materials 20, no. 15:3939-3946. PNNL-SA-37777.
Tuan A.C., T.C. Kaspar, T.C. Droubay, J.W. Rogers, and S.A. Chambers. 2003. "Band Offsets for the Epitaxial TiO2/SrTiO3/Si(001) System." Applied Physics Letters 83, no. 18:3734-3736. PNNL-SA-39168.
Wang C.M., S. Thevuthasan, F. Gao, V. Shutthanandan, D.E. McCready, S.A. Chambers, and C.H. Peden. 2003. "Interface Characteristics of Iso-Structural Thin Film and Substrate Pairs." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section B, Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 207, no. 1:1-9. PNNL-SA-36312.

2002

Altman E.I., T.C. Droubay, and S.A. Chambers. 2002. "Growth of MoO3 films by oxygen plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy." Thin Solid Films 414, no. 2:205-215. PNNL-SA-37910.
Chambers S.A. 2002. "A Potential Role In Spintronics." Materials Today 5, no. 4:34-39. PNNL-SA-35697.
Chambers S.A. 2002. "A Potential Role in Spintronics." Materials Today 5, no. 4:34-39. PNNL-SA-36020.
Chambers S.A., C.M. Wang, S. Thevuthasan, T.C. Droubay, D.E. McCready, A.S. Lea, and V. Shutthanandan, et al. 2002. "Epitaxial Growth and Properties of MBE Grown Ferromagnetic Co-doped TiO2 Anatase Films on SrTiO3(001) and LaAlO3(001)." Thin Solid Films 418, no. 2:197-210. PNNL-SA-35981.
Chambers S.A., R.F. Farrow, S. Maat, M. Toney, L. Folks, J.G. Catalano, and T.P. Trainor, et al. 2002. "Molecular Beam Epitaxial Growth and Properties of CoFe2O4 on MgO(001)." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 246, no. 1-2:124-139. PNNL-SA-35010.
Chambers S.A., T.C. Droubay, D.R. Jennison, and T.K. Mattsson. 2002. "Laminar Growth of Ultrathin Metal Films on Metal Oxides: Co on Hydroxylated alpha-Al2O3(0001)." Science 297, no. 5582:827-831. PNNL-SA-35870.
Kim Y.J., S. Thevuthasan, V. Shutthanandan, C.L. Perkins, D.E. McCready, G.S. Herman, and Y. Gao, et al. 2002. "Growth and Structure of Epitaxial Ce1-xZrxO2 Thin Films on Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (111)." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 126, no. 1-3:177-190. PNNL-SA-35584.
Morton S., D. Waddill, S.H. Kim, I.K. Schuller, S.A. Chambers, and J.G. Tobin. 2002. "Spin-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of Fe3O4." Surface Science 513, no. 3:L451-L457. PNNL-SA-37096.
Wang C.M., S. Thevuthasan, F. Gao, D.E. McCready, and S.A. Chambers. 2002. "The Characteristics of Interface Misfit Dislocations for Epitaxial alpha-Fe2O3 on alpha-Al2O3(0001)." Thin Solid Films 414. PNNL-SA-35865.
Wang C.M., S. Thevuthasan, F. Gao, V. Shutthanandan, D.E. McCready, S.A. Chambers, and C.H. Peden. 2002. "HRTEM Characterization of Interface Between Iso-Structural Thin Solid Film and Substrate." Microscopy and Microanalysis 8, no. Suppl S02:1160-1161. PNNL-SA-35973.

2001

Chambers S.A. 2001. "Structure of thin epitaxial oxide films and their surfaces." In The Chemical Physics of Solid Surfaces, edited by D.P. Woodruff. 301-323. New York, New York:Elsevier. PNNL-SA-33772.
Chambers S.A., and T.C. Droubay. 2001. "The Role of Oxide Ionicity in Electronic Screening at Oxide/Metal Interfaces." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter 64. PNNL-SA-34328.
Chambers S.A., S. Thevuthasan, R.F. Farrow, R.F. Marks, J. Thiele, L. Folks, and M. Samant, et al. 2001. "Epitaxial Growth and Properties of Ferromagnetic Co-doped TiO2 Anatase." Applied Physics Letters 79, no. 21:3467-3469. PNNL-SA-34988.
Chambers S.A., Y. Liang, Z.J. Yu, R. Droopad, J. Ramdani, J.M. Finder, and K. Eisenbeiser. 2001. "Band Offset and Structure of SrTiO3/Si(001) Heterojunctions." Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A--Vacuum, Surfaces and Films 19, no. 3:934-939. PNNL-SA-33883.
Droubay T.C., and S.A. Chambers. 2001. "Surface Sensitive Fe 2p Photoemission Spectra for alpha-Fe2O3 (0001) - The Influence of Symmetry and Crystal-Field Strength." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter 64, no. 20:205414-205420. PNNL-SA-43517.
Liang Y., S. Gan, S.A. Chambers, and E.I. Altman. 2001. "Surface Structure of Anatase TiO2(001): Reconstruction, Atomic Steps, and Domains." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 63, no. 23:235402-235409. PNNL-SA-43516.
Liang Y., S. Gan, S.A. Chambers, and E.I. Altman. 2001. "Surface Structures of Anatase TiO2(001): Reconstruction, Atomic Steps, and Domains." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter 6323, no. 23:5402. PNNL-SA-33874.

2000

Brown G.E., S.A. Chambers, J.E. Amonette, J.R. Rustad, T. Kendelewicz, P. Liu, and C.S. Doyle, et al. 2000. "Interaction of Aqueous Chromium Ions with Iron Oxide Surfaces." In Nuclear Site Remediation: First Accomplishments of the Environmental Management Science Program. ACS Symposium Series, edited by Eller, P. Gary; Heineman, William R. 212-246. Washington Dc:American Chemical Society. PNNL-SA-43343.
Chambers S.A. 2000. "Epitaxial Growth and Properties of Thin Film Oxides." Surface Science Reports 39, no. 5-6:105-180. PNNL-SA-33150.
Chambers S.A., S. Thevuthasan, and S.A. Joyce. 2000. "Surface Structure of MBE-Grown Fe3O4(001) by X-Ray Photoelectron Diffraction and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy." Surface Science 450, no. 2000:L273-L279. PNNL-SA-32199.
Chambers S.A., Y. Liang, and Y. Gao. 2000. "Noncommutative Band Offset At Alpha-Cr2O3/Alpha-Fe2O3 (0001) Heterojunctions." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter 61, no. 19:13223-13229. PNNL-SA-31283.
Chambers S.A., Y. Liang, Z. Yu, R. Droopad, J. Ramdani, and K. Eisenbeiser. 2000. "Band Discontinuities at Epitaxial SrTiO3/Si(001)Heterojunctions." Applied Physics Letters 77, no. 11:1662-1664. PNNL-SA-33474.
Henderson M.A., and S.A. Chambers. 2000. "HREELS, TPD and XPS Study of the Interaction of Water with the Alpha-Cr2O3(001) Surface." Surface Science 449, no. 1-3:135-150. PNNL-SA-32200.
Kendelewicz T., P. Liu, C.S. Doyle, G.E. Brown Jr., E.J. Nelson, and S.A. Chambers. 2000. "Reaction of Water with the (100) and (111) Surfaces of Fe3O4." Surface Science 453, no. 1-3:32-46. PNNL-SA-33145. doi:10.1016/S0039-6028(00)00305-8
Peden C.H., G.S. Herman, S.A. Chambers, Y. Gao, Y.J. Kim, and D.N. Belton. 2000. "Model Studies of Automobile Exhaust Catalysis Using Single Crystals of Rhodium and Ceria/Zirconia." In 12th International Congress on Catalysis, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 130, part B, 1367-1372. Amsterdam, :Elsevier. PNNL-SA-33843.
Thevuthasan S., D.E. McCready, W. Jiang, S.I. Yi, S. Maheswaran, K.D. Keefer, and S.A. Chambers. 2000. "Ion Beam Analysis of Interface Reactions in Magnetite and Maghemite Thin Films." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section B, Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 161-163. PNNL-SA-32359.

1999

Chambers S.A., and S.A. Joyce. 1999. "Surface Termination, Composition and Reconstruction of Fe3O4(001) and gamma-Fe2O3(001)." Surface Science 420, no. 2-3:111-122. PNNL-SA-30128.
Chambers S.A., and Y. Liang. 1999. "Growth of beta-MnO2 Films on TiO2(110) by Oxygen-Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Surface Science 420, no. 2-3:123-133. PNNL-SA-29920.
Gao Y., G.S. Herman, S. Thevuthasan, C.H. Peden, and S.A. Chambers. 1999. "Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of Ce1-xZrxO2 Thin Films." Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A--Vacuum, Surfaces and Films 17, no. 3:961-969. PNNL-SA-30616.
Herman G.S., Y.J. Kim, S.A. Chambers, and C.H. Peden. 1999. "Interaction of D2O with CeO2(001) Investigated by Temperature Programmed Desorption and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy." Langmuir 15, no. 11:3993-3997. PNNL-SA-30405.
Hirschmugl C.J., C.H. Peden, M. Takasaki, M.A. Collins, and S.A. Chambers. 1999. "Synchrotron-Based Far-IRAS Investigations of Ice on a Single-Crystal Transition Metal Oxide." In Accelerator-based Sources of Infrared and Spectroscopic Applications, Proceedings of the SPIE, edited by G Lawrence Carr and Paul Dumas, 3775, 167-173. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE- The International Society for Optical Engineering. PNNL-SA-32023.
Kendelewicz T., P. Liu, C.S. Doyle, G.E. Brown, E.J. Nelson, and S.A. Chambers. 1999. "X-ray absorption and photoemission study of the adsorption of aqueous Cr(VI) on single crystal hematite and magnetite surfaces." Surface Science 424, no. 2-3:219-231. PNNL-SA-30291.
Kim Y.J., Y. Gao, G.S. Herman, S. Thevuthasan, W. Jiang, D.E. McCready, and S.A. Chambers. 1999. "Growth and Structure of Epitaxial CeO2 by Oxygen Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A--Vacuum, Surfaces and Films 17, no. 3:926-935. PNNL-SA-30229.
Peden C.H., G.S. Herman, I.Z. Ismagilov, B.D. Kay, M.A. Henderson, Y.J. Kim, and S.A. Chambers. 1999. "Model Catalyst Studies with Single Crystals and Epitaxial Thin Oxide Films." Catalysis Today 51, no. 3-4:513-519. PNNL-SA-29513.
Thevuthasan S., D.E. McCready, W. Jiang, E.P. Mcdaniel, S.I. Yi, and S.A. Chambers. 1999. "Rutherford Backscattering and Channeling Studies of Al and Mg Diffusion in Iron Oxide Thin Films." In Applications of Accelerators in Research and Industry: Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference, Denton, Texas, November 1998, edited by J.L. Duggan and I.L. Morgan, 475, 508-511. Woodbury, New York:American Institute of Physics. PNNL-SA-30456.
Thevuthasan S., W. Jiang, D.E. McCready, and S.A. Chambers. 1999. "Rutherford Backscattering and Channeling Studies of Mg and Fe Diffusion at the Interface of gamma-Fe2O3(001)/MgO(001)." Surface and Interface Analysis 27, no. 4:194-198. PNNL-SA-30182.
Thevuthasan S., Y.J. Kim, S.I. Yi, S.A. Chambers, J. Morais, R. Denecke, and C.S. Fadley, et al. 1999. "Surface Structure of MBE-Grown alpha-Fe2O3(0001) by Intermediate-Energy X-ray Photoelectron Diffraction." Surface Science 425, no. 2-3:276-286. PNNL-SA-30376.
Yi S.I., Y. Liang, S. Thevuthasan, and S.A. Chambers. 1999. "Morphological and Structural Investigation of the Early Stages of Epitaxial Growth of Alpha-Fe2O3 (0001) on Alpha-Al2O3 (0001) by Oxygen-Plasma-Assisted MBE." Surface Science 443, no. 3:212-220. PNNL-SA-31364.

1998

Chambers S.A., M.A. Henderson, Y.J. Kim, and S. Thevuthasan. 1998. "Chemisorption Geometry, Vibrational Spectra, and Thermal Desorption of Formic Acid on TiO2 (110)." Surface Review and Letters 5, no. 1:381-385. PNNL-SA-27794. doi:10.1142/S0218625X98000700
Chambers S.A., Y.J. Kim, and Y. Gao. 1998. "Fe 2p Core-level Spectra for Pure, Epitaxial alpha-Fe2O3(0001), gamma-Fe2O3(001), and Fe2O3(001)." Surface Science Spectra 5, no. 3:219-228. PNNL-SA-30375. doi:10.1116/1.1247873
Gao Y., Y.J. Kim, and S.A. Chambers. 1998. "Preparation and Characterization of Epitaxial Iron Oxide Films." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 7:2003-2014. PNNL-SA-28492. doi:10.1557/JMR.1998.0281
Liu P., T. Kendelewicz, G.E. Brown, E.J. Nelson, and S.A. Chambers. 1998. "Reaction of Water Vapor with alpha-Al203 and alpha-Fe203(0001) Surfaces: Synchrotron X-ray Photoemission Studies and Thermodynamic Calculations." Surface Science 417, no. 1998:53-65. PNNL-SA-30290.
Saleh A.A., A.A. Saleh, V. Shutthanandan, N.R. Shivaparan, R.J. Smith, T.T. Tran, and S.A. Chambers. 1998. "Epitaxial Growth of fcc Ti Films on Al(001) Surfaces." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter 56, no. 15:9841-9847. PNNL-SA-30692.
Thevuthasan S., G.S. Herman, Y.J. Kim, S.A. Chambers, C.H. Peden, Z. Wang, and R.X. Ynzunza, et al. 1998. "The Structure of Formate on TiO2(110) by Scanned-Energy and Scanned Angle Photoelectron Diffraction." Surface Science 401, no. 2:261-268. PNNL-SA-29261. doi:10.1016/S0039-6028(97)01092-3

1997

Chambers S.A., S. Thevuthasan, Y.J. Kim, G.S. Herman, Z. Wang, E.D. Tober, and R.X. Ynzunza, et al. 1997. "Chemisorption Geometry of Formate on Ti2(110) by Photoelectron Diffraction." Chemical Physics Letters 267, no. 1-2:51-57. PNNL-SA-28222. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(97)00070-5
Gao Y., and S.A. Chambers. 1997. "Heteroepitaxial Growth of Alpha-Fe2O3, Gamma-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 Thin Films by oxygen-Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Journal of Crystal Growth 174, no. 1-4:446-454. PNNL-SA-27388. doi:10.1016/S0022-0248(96)01141-4
Gao Y., Y.J. Kim, S. Thevuthasan, S.A. Chambers, and P. Lubitz. 1997. "Growth, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of gamma- Fe2O3 Epitaxial Films on MgO." Journal of Applied Physics 81, no. 7:3253-3256. PNNL-SA-28077. doi:10.1063/1.364355
Kim Y.J., Y. Gao, and S.A. Chambers. 1997. "Core-Level X-ray Photoelectron Spectra and X-ray Photoelectron Diffraction of RuO2(110) Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy on TiO2(110)." Applied Surface Science 120, no. 3-4:250-260. PNNL-SA-28296. doi:10.1016/S0169-4332(97)00233-X
Peden C.H., G.S. Herman, I.Z. Ismagilov, M.A. Henderson, Y.J. Kim, and S.A. Chambers. 1997. "The Growth, Structure and Surface Chemistry of Oxide Films as Model Catalysts." Superficies y Vacio 7. PNNL-SA-29042.
Thevuthasan S., Y.J. Kim, G.S. Herman, S.A. Chambers, C.H. Peden, Z. Wang, and R.X. Ynzunza, et al. 1997. "The Structure of Formate on TiO2(110) by Scanned Energy and Scanned-Angle Photoelectron Diffraction." In Advanced Light Source: Compendium of User Abstracts and Technical Reports 1993-1996, edited by D.J. Dixon, et. al., LBNL- 39981, 392-394. Berkeley, California:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. PNNL-SA-28551.

1996

Chambers S.A., Y. Gao, S. Thevuthasan, Y. Liang, N.R. Shivaparan, and R.J. Smith. 1996. "Molecular Beam Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of Mixed (Ti,Nb)O2 Rutile Films on TiO2(100)." Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A--Vacuum, Surfaces and Films 14, no. 3:1387-1394. PNNL-SA-26770. doi:10.1116/1.579959
Chambers S.A., Y. Gao, Y.J. Kim, M.A. Henderson, S. Thevuthasan, S. Wen, and K.L. Merkle. 1996. "Geometric and Electronic Structure of Epitaxial NbxTi1-xO2 on TiO2(110)." Surface Science 365, no. 3:625-637. PNNL-SA-27186. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(96)00760-1
Gao Y., and S.A. Chambers. 1996. "Effect of Substrate Orientation on the Crystal Quality and Surface Roughness of Nb-Doped TiO2 Epitaxial Films on TiO2." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 4:1025-1029. PNNL-SA-26683. doi:10.1557/JMR.1996.0128
Gao Y., Y. Liang, and S.A. Chambers. 1996. "Thermal Stability and the Role of Oxygen Vacancy Defects in Strong Metal Support interaction -- Pt on Nb-doped TiO2(100)." Surface Science 365, no. 3:638-648. PNNL-SA-27304. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(96)00763-7
Kim Y.J., S. Thevuthasan, G.S. Herman, C.H. Peden, S.A. Chambers, D.N. Belton, and H. Permana. 1996. "Chemisorption Geometry of NO on Rh(111) by X-Ray Photoelectron Diffraction." Surface Science 359, no. 1-3:269-279. PNNL-SA-26904. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(96)00027-1

1995

Chambers S.A., T.T. Tran, and T.A. Hileman. 1995. "Auger Electron Spectroscopy as a Real-Time Compositional Probe In Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A--Vacuum, Surfaces and Films 13, no. 1:83-91. PNNL-SA-24604. doi:10.1116/1.579448
Chambers S.A., Y. Gao, and Y. Liang. 1995. "The Early Stages of MgO Epitaxy on Lattice-Matched Cr0.7Mo0.3(001)." Surface Science 339, no. 3:297-309. PNNL-SA-26276. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(95)00610-9

1994

Chambers S.A., T.T. Tran, and T.A. Hileman. 1994. "Molecular Beam Homoepitaxial Growth of MgO(001)." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 11:2944 -2952. PNNL-SA-24353. doi:10.1557/JMR.1994.2944
Chambers S.A., T.T. Tran, T.A. Hileman, and T.A. Jurgens. 1994. "Epitaxial Growth of MgO(001) on Lattice-Matched CrxMo1-x(001)." Surface Science 320, no. 3:L81-L88. PNNL-SA-24861. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(94)90302-6

1993

Chambers S.A., and T.T. Tran. 1993. "Geometric Structure at the Si/GaAs(001) Interface: The Relationship to A1As/Si/GaAs Band Offsets." Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 47, no. 19:13023-13026. PNNL-SA-21989. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.47.13023
Tran T.T., and S.A. Chambers. 1993. "Interface Structure of the 1 Monolayer (2x1)-Si/GaAs(001) System by X-Ray Photoelectron Diffraction." Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B--Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 11, no. 4:1459-1462. PNNL-SA-21384 A. doi:10.1116/1.586912