Wu Xu

Chief Scientist

Electrochemical Materials and Systems Group

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
PO Box 999
Richland, WA 99352

Biography

Dr. Wu Xu is currently a Chief Scientist in the Electrochemical Materials and Systems Group in the Energy Processes and Materials Division at PNNL. He has more than 25 years’ knowledge and experience in the development of novel electrolytes for different energy storage systems including lithium ion batteries, lithium metal batteries, lithium-air batteries, redox flow batteries, electrochemical capacitors and electrochromic display devices; the synthesis of novel ionic liquids, lithium salts, organic solvents and polymer electrolytes; and the characterization and evaluation of structures, morphologies and electrochemical performances. Before joining PNNL in April 2008, he was a Senior Scientist in the Electrolyte Business Group of Ferro Corporation in Cleveland, Ohio for four years. Before that, he was a Faculty Research Associate/Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Arizona State University. Dr. Xu has over 130 papers published in peer reviewed professional journals including 2 in Science, 3 in Nature sub-journals, 1 book, 5 book chapters and 25 U.S. patents granted (11 from PNNL) with the other 11 patents pending (at PNNL).

Research Interest

Dr. Xu's research interests include the development of materials (electrolytes and electrodes), the investigation of electrode/electrolyte interphases for various energy storage systems including lithium batteries, organic redox flow batteries and supercapacitors.

Education

Ph.D., Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, February 2000
M. Eng., Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, China, July 1989
B. Eng., Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, China, July 1986

Affiliations and Professional Service

Board member of International Academy of Electrochemical Energy Science
Member of Beyond Lithium-Ion Symposium Organization Committee
The Electrochemical Society
Materials Research Society

Awards and Recognitions

PNNL 2016 Pathway to Excellence Patent Award, April 2017.
PNNL 2015 Pathway to Excellence Patent Award, March 2016.
PNNL 2014 Pathway to Excellence Patent Award, May 2015.
PNNL 2014 Pathway to Excellence Key Contributor – Intellectual Property Award, May 2015.
Battelle Recognition Award of Inventor-of-the-Year of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, May 2014.
PNNL 2013 Inventor-of-the-Year Award, April 2014.
PNNL 2013 Pathway to Excellence Patent Award, April 2014.
PNNL 2013 Pathway to Excellence Key Contributor – Intellectual Property Award, April 2014.
PNNL Energy and Environment Directorate 2013 Of-the-Year Publication Award, December 2013.
PNNL 2012 Pathway to Excellence Microscopy Today 2012 Innovation Award.
Microscopy Today 2012 Renovation Award.
2012 R&D 100 Award.
PNNL Energy and Environment Directorate 2012 Of-the-Year Award – 2012 EED CSM Award Nomination, December 2012.
PNNL Energy and Environment Directorate Outstanding Performance Award, 2012, 2010, 2009, 2008.
Discovering Excellence Award “2007 Innovator of the Year” by Arizona Technology Enterprises and Arizona State University, United States, April 2007.
Natural Science Prize of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 1995.
Excellent Supervisors Award of Chengdu University of Science and Technology, China, 1991.

Patents

U.S. Patent No. 9,865,900, January 9, 2018, "SOLID ELECTROLYTE INTERPHASE FILM-SUPPRESSION ADDITIVES ".
U.S. Patent No. 9,406,960, August 2, 2016, "Energy Storage Systems Having an Electrode Comprising LixSy ".
U.S. Patent No. 9,184,436, November 10, 2015, "Methods and Energy Storage Devices Utilizing Electrolytes Having Surface-Smoothing Additives".
U.S. Patent No. 9,130,218, September 8, 2015, "Hybrid Energy Storage System Utilizing Redox Active Organic Compounds ".
U.S. Patent No. 9,115,435, August 25, 2015, "Methods for associating or dissociating guest materials with a metal organic framework, systems for associating or dissociating guest materials within a series of metal organic frameworks, and gas separation assemblies".
U.S. Patent No. 9,039,788, May 26, 2015, "Methods for making anodes for lithium ion batteries".
U.S. Patent No. 8,980,460, March 17, 2015, "Methods and Electrolytes for Electrodeposition of Smooth Films".
U.S. Patent No. 8,765,278, July 1, 2014, "HIGH-ENERGY METAL AIR BATTERIES ".
U.S. Patent No. 8,758,947, June 24, 2014, "Graphene-Based Battery Electrodes Having Continuous Flow Paths".
U.S. Patent No. 8,481,187, July 9, 2013, "HIGH-ENERGY METAL AIR BATTERIES ".
U.S. Patent No. 8,450,014, May 28, 2013, "Lithium Ion Batteries with Titania/AnGraphene Anodes".
U.S. Patent No. 8,425,662, April 23, 2013, "Methods for Associating or Dissociating Guest Materials with a Metal Organic Framework, Systems for Associating or Dissociating Guest Materials Within a Series of Metal Organic Frameworks and Gas Separation Assemblies".

Publications

2018

Ren X, Y Zhang, MH Engelhard, Q Li, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2018. "Guided Lithium Metal Deposition and Improved Lithium Coulombic Efficiency through Synergistic Effects of LiAsF6 and Cyclic Carbonate Additives." ACS Energy Letters 3(1):14-19. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00982
Adams BDG, J Zheng, X Ren, W Xu, and J Zhang. 2018. "Accurate Determination of Coulombic Efficiency for Lithium Metal Anodes and Lithium Metal Batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 8(7):Article No. 1702097. doi:10.1002/aenm.201702097
Jiao S, J Zheng, Q Li, X Li, MH Engelhard, R Cao, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2018. "Behavior of Lithium Metal Anodes under Various Capacity Utilization and High Current Density in Lithium Metal Batteries." Joule 2(1):110-124. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.10.007
Li X, J Zheng, MH Engelhard, D Mei, Q Li, S Jiao, N Liu, W Zhao, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2018. "Effects of Imide-Orthoborate Dual-Salt Mixtures in Organic Carbonate Electrolytes on the Stability of Lithium Metal Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10(3):2469-2479. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b15117
Li X, J Tao, D Hu, MH Engelhard, W Zhao, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2018. "Stability of Polymeric Separators in Lithium Metal Batteries in a Low Voltage Environment." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6(12):5006-5015. doi:10.1039/C7TA11259A
Liu B, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2018. "Advancing Lithium Metal Batteries." Joule 2(5):833-845. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.008
Liu B, W Xu, J Tao, P Yan, J Zheng, MH Engelhard, D Lu, C Wang, and J Zhang. 2018. "Enhanced Cyclability of Lithium-Oxygen Batteries with Electrodes Protected by Surface Films Induced via In-Situ Electrochemical Process." Advanced Energy Materials 8(11):1702340. doi:10.1002/aenm.201702340
Wang M, Z Wang, Z Chen, Z Yang, Z Tang, H Luo, Y Huang, X Li, and W Xu. 2018. "One dimensional and coaxial polyaniline@tin dioxide@multi-wall carbon nanotube as advanced conductive additive free anode for lithium ion battery." Chemical Engineering Journal 334:162-177. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.106
Yu L, NL Canfield, S Chen, H Lee, X Ren, MH Engelhard, Q Li, J Liu, W Xu, and J Zhang. 2018. "Enhanced Stability of Lithium Metal Anode by using a 3D Porous Nickel Substrate." ChemElectroChem 5(5):761-769. doi:10.1002/celc.201701250
Zhang Y, M Su, X Yu, Y Zhou, J Wang, R Cao, W Xu, C Wang, DR Baer, O Borodin, K Xu, Y Wang, XL Wang, Z Xu, F Wang, and Z Zhu. 2018. "Investigation of Ion-Solvent Interactions in Nonaqueous Electrolytes Using in Situ Liquid SIMS." Analytical Chemistry 90(5):3341-3348. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04921
Zheng H, Y Xie, H Xiang, P Shi, X Liang, and W Xu. 2018. "A bifunctional electrolyte additive for separator wetting and dendrite suppression in lithium metal batteries." Electrochimica Acta 270:62-69. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.089

2017

Zheng J, MH Engelhard, D Mei, S Jiao, B Polzin, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2017. "Electrolyte additive enabled fast charging and stable cycling lithium metal batteries." Nature Energy 2:17012. doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.12
Ding MS, Q Li, X Li, W Xu, and K Xu. 2017. "Effects of Solvent Composition on Liquid Range, Glass Transition, and Conductivity of Electrolytes of a (Li, Cs)PF6 Salt in EC-PC-EMC Solvents." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 121(21):11178-11183. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03306
Lee H, X Ren, C Niu, L Yu, MH Engelhard, I Cho, MH Ryou, HS Jin, HT Kim, J Liu, W Xu, and J Zhang. 2017. "Suppressing Lithium Dendrite Growth by Metallic Coating on Separator." Advanced Functional Materials 27(45):Article No. 1704391. doi:10.1002/adfm.201704391
Li Q, D Lu, J Zheng, S Jiao, L Luo, C Wang, K Xu, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2017. "Li+-Desolvation Dictating Lithium-Ion Battery's Low-Temperature Performances." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9(49):42761-42768. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b13887
Li Q, S Jiao, L Luo, MS Ding, J Zheng, SS Cartmell, C Wang, K Xu, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2017. "Wide temperature electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9(22):18826-18835. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b04099
Liu B, W Xu, P Yan, S Kim, MH Engelhard, X Sun, D Mei, J Cho, C Wang, and J Zhang. 2017. "Stabilization of Li Metal Anode in DMSO-Based Electrolytes via Optimization of Salt-Solvent Coordination for Li-O2 Batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 7(14):Article No. 1602605. doi:10.1002/aenm.201602605
Liu B, W Xu, J Zheng, P Yan, ED Walter, NG Isern, ME Bowden, MH Engelhard, S Kim, J Read, BDG Adams, X Li, J Cho, C Wang, and J Zhang. 2017. "Temperature dependence of the oxygen reduction mechanism in nonaqueous Li-O2 batteries." ACS Energy Letters 2:2525-2530. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00845
Luo L, B Liu, S Song, W Xu, J Zhang, and C Wang. 2017. "Revealing The Reaction Mechanisms of Li-O2 Batteries Using Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy." Nature Nanotechnology 12(6):535-540. doi:10.1038/nnano.2017.27
Song S, W Xu, J Zheng, L Luo, MH Engelhard, ME Bowden, B Liu, C Wang, and J Zhang. 2017. "Complete decomposition of Li2CO3 in Li-O2 batteries using Ir/B4C as noncarbon-based oxygen electrode." Nano Letters 17(3):1417-1424. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04371
Song S, W Xu, R Cao, L Luo, MH Engelhard, ME Bowden, B Liu, L Estevez, C Wang, and J Zhang. 2017. "B4C as a stable non-carbon-based oxygen electrode material for lithium-oxygen batteries." Nano Energy 33:195-204. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.01.042
Wang X, M Zhang, J Alvarado, S Wang, M Sina, B Lu, J Bouwer, W Xu, J Xiao, J Zhang, J Liu, and YS Meng. 2017. "New Insights on the Structure of Electrochemically Deposited Lithium Metal and Its Solid Electrolyte Interphases via Cryogenic TEM." Nano Letters 17(12):7606-7612. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03606
Zhang J, W Xu, and WA Henderson. 2017. Li Metal Anodes and Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol. 249, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44054-5

2016

Cao R, J Chen, KS Han, W Xu, D Mei, P Bhattacharya, MH Engelhard, KT Mueller, J Liu, and J Zhang. 2016. "Effect of the Anion Activity on the Stability of Li Metal Anodes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Advanced Functional Materials 26(18):3059-3066. doi:10.1002/adfm.201505074
Feng X, H Zou, H Xiang, X Guo, T Zhou, Y Wu, W Xu, P Yan, CM Wang, J Zhang, and Y Yu. 2016. "Ultrathin Li4Ti5O12 nanosheets as anode materials for lithium and sodium storage." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8(26):16718-16726. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b04752
Hu JZ, Z Zhao, MY Hu, J Feng, X Deng, X Chen, W Xu, J Liu, and J Zhang. 2016. "In situ 7Li and 133Cs Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Investigations on the Role of Cs+ Additive in Lithium-Metal Deposition Process." Journal of Power Sources 304:51-59. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.10.067
Liu B, W Xu, P Yan, X Sun, ME Bowden, J Read, J Qian, D Mei, CM Wang, and J Zhang. 2016. "Enhanced Cycling Stability of Rechargeable Li-O2 Batteries Using High Concentration Electrolytes." Advanced Functional Materials 26(4):605-613. doi:10.1002/adfm.201503697
Liu B, P Yan, W Xu, J Zheng, Y He, L Luo, ME Bowden, CM Wang, and J Zhang. 2016. "Electrochemically formed ultrafine metal oxide nanocatalysts for high performance lithium-oxygen batteries ." Nano Letters 16(8):4932-4939. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01556
Mehdi BL, AJ Stevens, J Qian, C Park, W Xu, WA Henderson, J Zhang, KT Mueller, and ND Browning. 2016. "The Impact of Li Grain Size on Coulombic Efficiency in Li Batteries." Scientific Reports 6:34267. doi:10.1038/srep34267
Qian J, BD Adams, J Zheng, W Xu, WA Henderson, J Wang, ME Bowden, S Xu, JZ Hu, and J Zhang. 2016. "Anode-Free Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries." Advanced Functional Materials 26(39):7094-7102. doi:10.1002/adfm.201602353
Wei X, W Duan, J Huang, L Zhang, B Li, DM Reed, W Xu, VL Sprenkle, and W Wang. 2016. "A High-Current, Stable Nonaqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery." ACS Energy Letters 1(4):705-711. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00255
Xiang H, P Shi, P Bhattacharya, X Chen, D Mei, ME Bowden, J Zheng, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2016. "Enhanced charging capability of lithium metal batteries based on lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-lithium bis(oxalato)borate dual-salt electrolytes ." Journal of Power Sources 318:170-177. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.017
Zheng J, P Yan, R Cao, H Xiang, MH Engelhard, B Polzin, CM Wang, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2016. "Effects of Propylene Carbonate Content in CsPF6-Containing Electrolytes on the Enhanced Performances of Graphite Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8(8):5715-5722. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b12517
Zheng J, P Yan, D Mei, MH Engelhard, SS Cartmell, B Polzin, CM Wang, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2016. "Highly Stable Operation of Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by the Formation of a Transient High Concentration Electrolyte Layer." Advanced Energy Materials 6(8):Article No. 1502151. doi:10.1002/aenm.201502151

2015

Cao R, J Qian, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2015. "Organic Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries." Chapter 23 in Rechargeable Batteries: Green Energy and Technology, ed. ZC Xhang and SS Zhang, pp. 637-671. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
Cao R, W Xu, D Lu, J Xiao, and J Zhang. 2015. "Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 5(16):Article No. 1402273. doi:10.1002/aenm.201402273
Wei X, L Cosimbescu, W Xu, JZ Hu, M Vijayakumar, J Feng, MY Hu, X Deng, J Xiao, J Liu, VL Sprenkle, and W Wang. 2015. "Towards High-Performance Nonaqueous Redox Flow Electrolyte through Ionic Modification of Active Species." Advanced Energy Materials 5(1):Article No. 1400678. doi:10.1002/aenm.201400678
Bao J, W Xu, P Bhattacharya, ML Stewart, J Zhang, and W Pan. 2015. "Discharge Performance of Li-O2 Batteries Using a Multiscale Modeling Approach ." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119(27):14851-14860. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b01441
Cosimbescu L, X Wei, M Vijayakumar, W Xu, ML Helm, SD Burton, CM Sorensen, J Liu, VL Sprenkle, and W Wang. 2015. "Anion-Tunable Properties and Electrochemical Performance of Functionalized Ferrocene Compounds." Scientific Reports 5:14117. doi:10.1038/srep14117
Liu B, W Xu, P Yan, P Bhattacharya, R Cao, ME Bowden, MH Engelhard, CM Wang, and J Zhang. 2015. "In Situ-Grown ZnCo2O4 on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Air Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Oxygen Batteries." ChemSusChem 8(21):3697-3703. doi:10.1002/cssc.201500636
Mehdi BL, J Qian, E Nasybulin, C Park, DA Welch, R Faller, HS Mehta, WA Henderson, W Xu, CM Wang, JE Evans, J Liu, J Zhang, KT Mueller, and ND Browning. 2015. "Observation and Quantification of Nanoscale Processes in Lithium Batteries by Operando Electrochemical (S)TEM." Nano Letters 15(3):2168-2176. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00175
Mehdi BL, J Qian, E Nasybulin, DA Welch, C Park, R Faller, HS Mehta, WA Henderson, W Xu, JE Evans, J Liu, J Zhang, KT Mueller, and ND Browning. 2015. "Quantification of Electrochemical Nanoscale Processes in Lithium Batteries By OperandoEC-(S)TEM." In ECS Conference on Electrochemical Energy Conversion & Storage with SOFC-XIV, July 26-31, 2015, Glasgow, Scotland, vol. MA2015-03, p. Abstract No. 432. The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ.
Qian J, W Xu, P Bhattacharya, MH Engelhard, WA Henderson, Y Zhang, and J Zhang. 2015. "Dendrite-Free Li Deposition Using Trace-Amounts of Water as an Electrolyte Additive." Nano Energy 15:135-144. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.04.009
Qian J, WA Henderson, W Xu, P Bhattacharya, MH Engelhard, O Borodin, and J Zhang. 2015. "High Rate and Stable Cycling of Lithium Metal Anode." Nature Communications 6:Article No. 6362. doi:10.1038/ncomms7362
Wei X, W Xu, J Huang, L Zhang, ED Walter, CW Lawrence, M Vijayakumar, WA Henderson, TL Liu, L Cosimbescu, B Li, VL Sprenkle, and W Wang. 2015. "Radical Compatibility with Nonaqueous Electrolytes and Its Impact on an All-Organic Redox Flow Battery." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 127(30):8808-8811. doi:10.1002/ange.201501443
Xiang H, D Mei, P Yan, P Bhattacharya, SD Burton, AV Cresce, R Cao, MH Engelhard, ME Bowden, Z Zhu, B Polzin, CM Wang, K Xu, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2015. "The Role of Cesium Cation in Controlling Interphasial Chemistry on Graphite Anode in Propylene Carbonate-Rich Electrolytes." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7(37):20687-20695. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b05552
Xiao L, X Chen, R Cao, J Qian, H Xiang, J Zheng, J Zhang, and W Xu. 2015. "Enhanced Performance of Li|LiFePO4 Cells Using CsPF6 as an Electrolyte Additive." Journal of Power Sources 293:1062-1067. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.044
Zhu Z, Y Zhou, P Yan, VRS Vemuri, W Xu, R Zhao, X Wang, S Thevuthasan, DR Baer, and CM Wang. 2015. "In-situ Mass Spectrometric Determination of Molecular Structural Evolution at the Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Nano Letters 15(9):6170-6176. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02479

2014

Bhattacharya P, EN Nasybulin, MH Engelhard, L Kovarik, ME Bowden, S Li, DJ Gaspar, W Xu, and J Zhang. 2014. "Dendrimer-Encapsulated Ruthenium Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Lithium-O2 Batteries." Advanced Functional Materials 24(47):7510-7519. doi:10.1002/adfm.201402701
Cao R, ED Walter, W Xu, EN Nasybulin, P Bhattacharya, ME Bowden, MH Engelhard, and J Zhang. 2014. "The Mechanisms of Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions in Nonaqueous Lithium-Oxygen Batteries." ChemSusChem 7(9):2436-2440. doi:10.1002/cssc.201402315
Wei X, W Xu, M Vijayakumar, L Cosimbescu, TL Liu, VL Sprenkle, and W Wang. 2014. "TEMPO-based Catholyte for High Energy Density Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries." Advanced Materials 26(45):7649-7653. doi: 10.1002/adma.201403746
Xu W, J Wang, F Ding, X Chen, EN Nasybulin, Y Zhang, and J Zhang. 2014. "Lithium Metal Anodes for Rechargeable Batteries." Energy & Environmental Science 7(2):513-537. doi:10.1039/c3ee40795k
Zheng J, J Tian, D Wu, M Gu, W Xu, CM Wang, F Gao, MH Engelhard, J Zhang, J Liu, and J Xiao. 2014. "Lewis Acid-Base Interactions between Polysulfides and Metal Organic Framework in Lithium Sulfur Batteries." Nano Letters 14(5):2345-2352. doi:10.1021/nl404721h
Abellan Baeza P, BL Mehdi, LR Parent, M Gu, C Park, W Xu, Y Zhang, I Arslan, J Zhang, CM Wang, JE Evans, and ND Browning. 2014. "Probing the Degradation Mechanisms in Electrolyte Solutions for Li-ion Batteries by In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy." Nano Letters 14(3):1293-1299. doi:10.1021/nl404271k
Chen X, W Xu, MH Engelhard, J Zheng, Y Zhang, F Ding, J Qian, and J Zhang. 2014. "Mixed Salts of LiTFSI and LiBOB for Stable LiFePO4-Based Batteries at Elevated Temperatures." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2(7):2346-2352. doi:10.1039/C3TA13043F
Chen X, X Li, D Mei, J Feng, MY Hu, JZ Hu, MH Engelhard, J Zheng, W Xu, J Xiao, J Liu, and J Zhang. 2014. "Reduction Mechanism of Fluoroethylene Carbonate for Stable Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Film on Silicon Anode." ChemSusChem 7(2):549-554. doi:10.1002/cssc.201300770
Ding F, W Xu, X Chen, J Zhang, Y Shao, MH Engelhard, Y Zhang, TA Blake, GL Graff, X Liu, and J Zhang. 2014. "Effects of Cesium Cations in Lithium Deposition via Self-Healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118(8):4043-4049. doi:10.1021/jp4127754
Fernandez CA, PF Martin, HT Schaef, ME Bowden, PK Thallapally, LX Dang, W Xu, X Chen, and BP McGrail. 2014. "An Electrically Switchable Metal-Organic Framework." Scientific Reports 12(3):Article No. 6114 . doi:10.1038/srep06114
Jiang J, W Shi, J Zheng, P Zuo, J Xiao, X Chen, W Xu, and J Zhang. 2014. "Optimized Operating Range for Large-Format LiFePO4/Graphite Batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 161(3):A336-A341. doi:10.1149/2.052403jes
Mehdi BL, M Gu, LR Parent, W Xu, EN Nasybulin, X Chen, RR Unocic, P Xu, DA Welch, P Abellan, J Zhang, J Liu, CM Wang, I Arslan, JE Evans, and ND Browning. 2014. "In Situ Electrochemical Transmission Electron Microscopy for Battery Research." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20(2):484-492. doi:10.1017/S1431927614000488
Nasybulin EN, W Xu, BL Mehdi, EC Thomsen, MH Engelhard, RC Masse, P Bhattacharya, M Gu, WD Bennett, Z Nie, CM Wang, ND Browning, and J Zhang. 2014. "Formation of Interfacial Layer and Long-Term Cylability of Li-O-2 Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6(16):14141-14151. doi:10.1021/am503390q
Pan A, Y Wang, W Xu, Z Nie, S Liang, Z Nie, CM Wang, G Cao, and J Zhang. 2014. "High-performance anode based on porous Co3O4 nanodiscs." Journal of Power Sources 225:125-129.
Xu W, F Ding, X Chen, Y Zhang, J Qian, EN Nasybulin, R Cao, MH Engelhard, and J Zhang. 2014. "Dendrite-Suppression Electrolytes for Lithium-Metal and Lithium-Ion Batteries." In Proceeding of the 46th Power Sources Conference, June 9-12, 2014, Orlando, Florida, pp. 374-377. Power Sources Conference, NEW YORK, NY.
Zhang J, J Xiao, and W Xu. 2014. "Primary Lithium-Air Batteries." Chapter 10 in The Lithium Air Battery: Fundamentals, ed. N Imanishi, AC Luntz and P Bruce, pp. 255-289. Springer, New York, NY.
Zhang Y, J Qian, W Xu, SM Russell, X Chen, E Nasybulin, P Bhattacharya, MH Engelhard, D Mei, R Cao, F Ding, AV Cresce, K Xu, and J Zhang. 2014. "Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition with Self-Aligned Nanorod Structure." Nano Letters 14(12):6889-6896. doi:10.1021/nl5039117

2013

Ding F, W Xu, GL Graff, J Zhang, ML Sushko, X Chen, Y Shao, MH Engelhard, Z Nie, J Xiao, X Liu, PV Sushko, J Liu, and J Zhang. 2013. "Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition via Self-Healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism ." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135(11):4450-4456. doi:10.1021/ja312241y
Ding F, W Xu, X Chen, J Zhang, MH Engelhard, Y Zhang, BR Johnson, JV Crum, TA Blake, X Liu, and J Zhang. 2013. "Effects of Carbonate Solvents and Lithium Salts on Morphology and Coulombic Efficiency of Lithium Electrode." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 160(10):A1894-A1901. doi:10.1149/2.100310jes
Gu M, LR Parent, BL Mehdi, RR Unocic, MT Mcdowell, RL Sacci, W Xu, JG Connell, P Xu, P Abellan Baeza, X Chen, Y Zhang, DE Perea, JE Evans, L Lauhon, J Zhang, J Liu, ND Browning, Y Cui, I Arslan, and CM Wang. 2013. "Demonstration of an Electrochemical Liquid Cell for Operando Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of the Lithiation/Delithiation Behavior of Si Nanowire Battery Anodes." Nano Letters 13(12):6106-6112. doi:10.1021/nl403402q
Lu X, BW Kirby, W Xu, G Li, JY Kim, JP Lemmon, VL Sprenkle, and ZG Yang. 2013. "Advanced Intermediate-Temperature Na-S Battery." Energy & Environmental Science 6(1):299 - 306. doi:10.1039/C2EE23606K
Nasybulin EN, W Xu, MH Engelhard, XS Li, M Gu, D Hu, and J Zhang. 2013. "Electrocatalytic properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in Li-O2 battery." Electrochemistry Communications 29:63-66. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2013.01.011
Nasybulin EN, W Xu, MH Engelhard, Z Nie, SD Burton, L Cosimbescu, ME Gross, and J Zhang. 2013. "Effects of electrolyte salts on the performance of Li-O2 batteries." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117(6):2635-2645. doi:10.1021/jp311114u
Nasybulin EN, W Xu, MH Engelhard, Z Nie, XS Li, and J Zhang. 2013. "Stability of polymer binders in Li-O2 batteries." Journal of Power Sources 243:899-907. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.097
Shao Y, F Ding, J Xiao, J Zhang, W Xu, SK Park, J Zhang, Y Wang, and J Liu. 2013. "Making Li-air batteries rechargeable: material challenges." Advanced Functional Materials 23(8):987-1004. doi:10.1002/adfm.201200688
Xu W, X Chen, W Wang, D Choi, F Ding, J Zheng, Z Nie, YJ Choi, J Zhang, and Z Yang. 2013. "Simply AlF3-treated Li4Ti5O12 composite anode materials for stable and ultrahigh power lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Power Sources 236:169-174. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.055

2012

Xu W, AL Read, PK Koech, D Hu, CM Wang, J Xiao, AB Padmaperuma, GL Graff, J Liu, and J Zhang. 2012. "Factors Affecting the Battery Performance of Anthraquinone-based Organic Cathode Materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22(9):4032-4039. doi:10.1039/c2jm15764k
Zheng J, J Xiao, W Xu, X Chen, M Gu, XS Li, and J Zhang. 2012. "Surface and Structural Stabilities of Carbon Additives in High Voltage Lithium Ion Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 227:211-217. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.038
Chen X, W Xu, J Xiao, MH Engelhard, F Ding, D Mei, D Hu, J Zhang, and J Zhang. 2012. "Effects of cell positive cans and separators on the performance of high-voltage Li-ion batteries." Journal of Power Sources 213:160-168. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.009
Chen X, X Li, F Ding, W Xu, J Xiao, Y Cao, P Meduri, J Liu, GL Graff, and J Zhang. 2012. "Conductive Rigid Skeleton Supported Silicon as High-Performance Li-Ion Battery Anodes." Nano Letters 12(8):4124-4130. doi:10.1021/nl301657y
Ding F, W Xu, D Choi, W Wang, X Li, MH Engelhard, X Chen, Z Yang, and J Zhang. 2012. "Enhanced performance of graphite anode materials by AlF3 coating for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22(25):12745-12751. doi:10.1039/c2jm31015e
Ding F, W Xu, Y Shao, X Chen, Z Wang, F Gao, X Liu, and J Zhang. 2012. "H+ diffusion and electrochemical stability of Li1+x+yAlxTi2-xSiyP3-yO12 glass in aqueous Li/air battery electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 214:292-297. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.058
Gu M, Y Li, X Li, SY Hu, X Zhang, W Xu, S Thevuthasan, DR Baer, J Zhang, J Liu, and CM Wang. 2012. "In-Situ TEM Study Of Lithiation Behavior Of Silicon Nanoparticles Attached To And Embedded In A Carbon Matrix ." ACS Nano 6(9):8439-8447. doi:10.1021/nn303312m
Li X, P Meduri, X Chen, WN Qi, MH Engelhard, W Xu, F Ding, J Xiao, W Wang, CM Wang, J Zhang, and J Liu. 2012. "Hollow Core-Shell Structured Porous Si-C Nanocomposites for Li-Ion Battery Anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22(22):11014-11017. doi:10.1039/C2JM31286G
Wang CM, X Li, Z Wang, W Xu, J Liu, F Gao, L Kovarik, J Zhang, J Howe, DJ Burton, Z Liu, X Xiao, S Thevuthasan, and DR Baer. 2012. "In Situ TEM Investigation of Congruent Phase Transition and Structural Evolution of Nanostructured Silicon/Carbon Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries." Nano Letters 12(3):1624-1632. doi:10.1021/nl204559u
Wang W, W Xu, L Cosimbescu, D Choi, L Li, and Z Yang. 2012. "Anthraquinone with Tailored Structure for Nonaqueous Metal-Organic Redox Flow Battery." Chemical Communications 48(53):6669-6671. doi:10.1039/C2CC32466K
Xu W, JZ Hu, MH Engelhard, SA Towne, JS Hardy, J Xiao, J Feng, MY Hu, J Zhang, F Ding, ME Gross, and J Zhang. 2012. "The Stability of Organic Solvents and Carbon Electrode in Nonaqueous Li-O2 Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 215:240-247. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.05.021
Xu W, X Chen, F Ding, J Xiao, D Wang, A Pan, J Zheng, XS Li, AB Padmaperuma, and J Zhang. 2012. "Reinvestigation on the state-of-the-art nonaqueous carbonate electrolytes for 5 V Li-ion battery applications." Journal of Power Sources 213:304-316. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.031
Zhang J, W Wang, J Xiao, W Xu, GL Graff, Z Yang, D Choi, X Li, D Wang, and J Liu. 2012. "Silicon Based Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY.

2011

Xu W, K Xu, VV Viswanathan, SA Towne, JS Hardy, J Xiao, Z Nie, D Hu, D Wang, and J Zhang. 2011. "Reaction Mechanisms for the Limited Reversibility of Li-O2 Chemistry in Organic Carbonate Electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 196(22):9631-9639. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.06.099
Xu W, VV Viswanathan, D Wang, SA Towne, J Xiao, Z Nie, D Hu, and J Zhang. 2011. "Investigation on the Charging Process of Li2O2-Based Air Electrodes in Li-O2 Batteries with Organic Carbonate Electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 196(8):3894-3899.
Choi D, J Xiao, YJ Choi, JS Hardy, M Vijayakumar, MS Bhuvaneswari, J Liu, W Xu, W Wang, Z Yang, GL Graff, and J Zhang. 2011. "Thermal Stability and Phase Transformation of Electrochemically Charged/Discharged LiMnPO4 Cathode for Li-Ion Battery." Energy & Environmental Science 4(11):4560-4566. doi:10.1039/C1EE01501J
Pan A, J Zhang, G Cao, S Liang, CM Wang, Z Nie, BW Arey, W Xu, D Liu, J Xiao, G Li, and J Liu. 2011. "Nanosheet-structured LiV3O8 with high capacity and excellent stability for high energy lithium batteries ." Journal of Materials Chemistry 21(27):10077-10084. doi:10.1039/C1JM10976F
Wang CM, W Xu, J Liu, J Zhang, LV Saraf, BW Arey, D Choi, Z Yang, J Xiao, S Thevuthasan, and DR Baer. 2011. "In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Microstructure and Phase Evolution in a SnO2 Nanowire during Lithium Intercalation." Nano Letters 11(5):1874-1880. doi:10.1021/nl200272n
Wang D, J Xiao, W Xu, Z Nie, CM Wang, GL Graff, and J Zhang. 2011. "Preparation and electrochemical investigation of Li2CoPO4F cathode material for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Power Sources 196(4):2241-2245. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.10.021
Xiao J, D Mei, X Li, W Xu, D Wang, GL Graff, WD Bennett, Z Nie, LV Saraf, IA Aksay, J Liu, and J Zhang. 2011. "Hierarchically Porous Graphene as a Lithium-Air Battery Electrode." Nano Letters 11(11):5071-5078. doi:10.1021/nl203332e
Xiao J, JZ Hu, D Wang, D Hu, W Xu, GL Graff, Z Nie, J Liu, and J Zhang. 2011. "Investigation of the Rechargeability of Li-O2 Batteries in Non-aqueous Electrolyte." Journal of Power Sources 196(13):5674-5678.
Xiao J, N Chernova, S Upreti, X Chen, Z Li, Z Deng, D Choi, W Xu, Z Nie, GL Graff, J Liu, MS Whittingham, and J Zhang. 2011. "Electrochemical Performances of LiMnPO4 Synthesized from Non-Stoichiometric Li/Mn Ratio." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP 13(40):18099-18106. doi:10.1039/C1CP22658D

2010

Zhang J, W Xu, and W Liu. 2010. "Oxygen-Selective Immobilized Liquid Membranes for Operation of Lithium-Air Batteries in Ambient Air." Journal of Power Sources 195(21):7438-7444. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.05.028
Zhang J, W Xu, XS Li, and W Liu. 2010. "Air Dehydration Membranes for Nonaqueous Lithium-Air Batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157(8):A940-A946.
Huang JY, L Zhong, CM Wang, JP Sullivan, W Xu, LQ Zhang, S Mao, N Hudak, XH Liu, AK Subramanian, H Fan, L Qi, A Kushima, and J Li. 2010. "In Situ Observation of the Electrochemical Lithiation of a Single SnO2 Nanowire Electrode." Science 330(6010):1515-1520. doi:10.1126/science.1195628
Pan A, J Liu, J Zhang, W Xu, GH Cao, Z Nie, BW Arey, and S Liang. 2010. "Nano-Structured Li3V2(PO4)3 /Carbon Composite for High Rate Lithium Ion Batteries." Electrochemistry Communications 12(12):1674-1677. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2010.09.014
Pan A, J Liu, J Zhang, GH Cao, W Xu, Z Nie, J Xiao, D Choi, BW Arey, CM Wang, and S Liang. 2010. "Template Free Synthesis of LiV3O8 Nanorods as a Cathode Material for High-Rate Secondary Lithium Batteries ." Journal of Materials Chemistry 21(4):1153-1161. doi:10.1039/c0jm02810j
Viswanathan VV, D Choi, D Wang, W Xu, SA Towne, RE Williford, J Zhang, J Liu, and Z Yang. 2010. "Effect of entropy of lithium intercalation in cathodes and anodes on Li-ion battery thermal management." Journal of Power Sources 195(11):3720-3729. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.103
Wang CM, W Xu, J Liu, D Choi, BW Arey, LV Saraf, J Zhang, Z Yang, S Thevuthasan, DR Baer, and N Salmon. 2010. "In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy Studies of Interfaces in Li-ion Batteries: Challenges and Opportunities." Journal of Materials Research 25(8):1541-1547. doi:10.1557/JMR.2010.0198
Wang D, J Xiao, W Xu, and J Zhang. 2010. "High Capacity Pouch-Type Li-air Batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157(7):A760-A764.
Xiao J, W Xu, D Wang, and J Zhang. 2010. "Hybrid Air-Electrode for Li/Air Batteries ." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157(3):A294-A297. doi:10.1149/1.3280281
Xiao J, W Xu, D Wang, D Choi, W Wang, X Li, GL Graff, J Liu, and J Zhang. 2010. "Stabilization of Silicon Anode for Li-Ion Batteries ." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157(10):A1047-A1051. doi:10.1149/1.3464767
Xiao J, D Wang, W Xu, D Wang, RE Williford, J Liu, and J Zhang. 2010. "Optimization of Air Electrode for Li/Air Batteries ." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157(4):A487-A492. doi:10.1149/1.3314375
Xu W, NL Canfield, D Wang, J Xiao, Z Nie, and J Zhang. 2010. "A three-dimensional Macroporous Cu/SnO2 composite anode sheet prepared via a novel method." Journal of Power Sources 195(21):7403-7408. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.05.054
Xu W, NL Canfield, D Wang, J Xiao, Z Nie, XS Li, WD Bennett, CC Bonham, and J Zhang. 2010. "Approach to make macroporous metal sheets as current collectors for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157(7):A765-A769.
Xu W, J Xiao, D Wang, J Zhang, and J Zhang. 2010. "Crown Ethers in Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Lithium/Air Batteries." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 13(4):A48-A51.
Xu W, J Xiao, D Wang, J Zhang, and J Zhang. 2010. "Effects of Nonaqueous Electrolytes on Primary Li-Air Batteries." In Proceedings of the 44th Power Sources Conference, pp. 43-46. US Army Electronics Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Monmouth, NJ.
Zhang J, D Wang, W Xu, J Xiao, and RE Williford. 2010. "Ambient Operation of Li/Air Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 195(13):4332-4337. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.01.022

2009

Xu W, D Wang, J Xiao, Z Nie, and J Zhang. 2009. "Non-aqueous Electrolytes for High Voltage Lithium Ion Batteries." In Proceedings of the 9th International Advanced Automotive Battery and EC Capacitor Conference and Symposia: Large Lithium Ion Battery Technology and Application (LLIBTA); Large EC Capacitor Technology and Application (ECCAP), June 8-12, 2009, Long Beach, CA. Advanced Automotive Batteries, Oregon House, CA.
Xiao J, W Xu, D Choi, and J Zhang. 2009. "Synthesis and Characterization of Lithium Manganese Phosphate by a precipitation method." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157(2):A142-A147. doi:10.1149/1.3265440
Xu W, J Xiao, J Zhang, D Wang, and J Zhang. 2009. "Optimization of non-aqueous electrolytes for Primary lithium/air batteries operated in Ambient Enviroment." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 156(10):A773-A779. doi:10.1149/1.3168564
Xu W, J Xiao, D Wang, J Zhang, and J Zhang. 2009. "Effects of Nonaqueous Electrolytes on the Performance of Primary Lithium/Air Batteries ." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157(2):A219-A224. doi:10.1149/1.3269928